人的尊严的理论基础之反思与重构
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摘要
人的尊严面临着理论和实践层面的挑战和批评,原因在于其理论基础的正当性问题存在争议。人的尊严的理论基础主要有宗教神学思想、感性主义的生物感官能力以及人的理性和道德能力,但这三种本体论意义上的学说均难以单独支撑起人的尊严的理论基础。建立在共同体承认理论上的人的尊严学说,将人的尊严根植于人的共同体成员资格这一社会制度性事实中,并从认识论意义上对这一社会制度性事实予以规范性承认,从而补足了本体论意义上的理论基础学说。这既有利于澄清人的尊严在理论层面上模糊含混的现状,也为人的尊严的实证化过程提供了一种切实可行的路径。
Human dignity faces challenges and criticisms at the theoretical and practical levels,because the legitimacy of its theoretical basis is controversial. The theoretical basis of human dignity mainly includes religious theology,perceptual biological sensory ability and human rational and moral ability,but these three ontological senses are difficult to separately support the theoretical basis of human dignity. The doctrine of human dignity bases on the theory of community recognition rooting human dignity in the social institutional facts of human community membership,and admits this social institutional fact in an epistemological sense,thus complements the theoretical foundation in the ontological perspective. This is not only conducive to clarifying the current state of human dignity,but also provides a practical path for the empirical process of human dignity.
Human dignity faces challenges and criticisms at the theoretical and practical levels,because the legitimacy of its theoretical basis is controversial. The theoretical basis of human dignity mainly includes religious theology,perceptual biological sensory ability and human rational and moral ability,but these three ontological senses are difficult to separately support the theoretical basis of human dignity. The doctrine of human dignity bases on the theory of community recognition rooting human dignity in the social institutional facts of human community membership,and admits this social institutional fact in an epistemological sense,thus complements the theoretical foundation in the ontological perspective. This is not only conducive to clarifying the current state of human dignity,but also provides a practical path for the empirical process of human dignity.
引文
[1]王旭.宪法上的尊严理论及其体系化[J].法学研究,2016,(1):37-55.
[2]余军.“个人自由”与“人性尊严”——美国与德国宪法人权保障基础原理的比较[J].法哲学与法社会学论丛,2009,(1):194-213.
[3]李忠夏.人性尊严的宪法保护——德国的路径[J].学习与探索,2011,(4):112-117.
[4]赵敦华.基督教哲学1500年[M].北京:人民出版社,1994:169-170.
[5]何光沪.在理论与制度之间——基督宗教与儒教关于人性尊严问题的比较研究[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2003,(4):18-25.
[6]王晖.人之尊严的理念与制度化[J].中国法学,2014,(4):106-109.
[7] Peter Singer. Practical Ethics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979:50-65.
[8]甘绍平.作为一种权利的人的尊严[J].哲学研究,2008,(6):85-92.
[9]康德.道德形而上学原理[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1986:87.
[10]戴兆国.明理与敬义:康德道德哲学研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:78.
[11]J.Griffin.On Human Rights[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008:32-35.
[12]王旭.宪法上的尊严理论及其体系化[J].法学研究,2016,(1):37-55.
[13]Bernard Williams.“The Idea of Equality”in Philosophy,Politics and Society,seriesⅡ,P. Laslettand and W.G. Runcimaneds[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1962:114-116.
[14]龚群.论人的尊严[J].天津社会科学,2011,(2):17-20.
[15]谢·弗兰克.社会的精神基础[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003:60.
[16]Alasdair MacIntyre.After Virtue[M].Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1981:205.
[17]陈思坤.人的尊严伦理及价值[J].教育学术月刊,2010,(12):13-15.
[18]P.F.Strawson.Freedom and Resentment[M].London:Methuen,1974:2-23.
[19]蔡维音.“人性尊严”作为人类基因工程之基础法律规范理念——“人性尊严”作为法律概念其内涵开展之可能性[A].李瑞全,蔡笃坚.基因治疗与伦理、法治、社会意涵论文选集[C].台湾:台湾唐山出版公司,2003:37-38.
[20]Ian Carter.Respect and the Basis of Equality[J].Ethics,2011,(3):538-571.
[21]迈克尔·桑德尔.公正:该如何是好?[M].北京:中信出版社,2012:162-168.
[22]刘作翔.人格平等是“让人民生活得更有尊严”的关键[J].河北法学,2012,(1):19-20.
[23]胡玉鸿.人的尊严的法律属性辨析[J].中国社会科学,2016,(5):101-119.
[24]阿克塞尔·霍耐特.为承认而斗争[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005:100.
[2]余军.“个人自由”与“人性尊严”——美国与德国宪法人权保障基础原理的比较[J].法哲学与法社会学论丛,2009,(1):194-213.
[3]李忠夏.人性尊严的宪法保护——德国的路径[J].学习与探索,2011,(4):112-117.
[4]赵敦华.基督教哲学1500年[M].北京:人民出版社,1994:169-170.
[5]何光沪.在理论与制度之间——基督宗教与儒教关于人性尊严问题的比较研究[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2003,(4):18-25.
[6]王晖.人之尊严的理念与制度化[J].中国法学,2014,(4):106-109.
[7] Peter Singer. Practical Ethics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979:50-65.
[8]甘绍平.作为一种权利的人的尊严[J].哲学研究,2008,(6):85-92.
[9]康德.道德形而上学原理[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1986:87.
[10]戴兆国.明理与敬义:康德道德哲学研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:78.
[11]J.Griffin.On Human Rights[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008:32-35.
[12]王旭.宪法上的尊严理论及其体系化[J].法学研究,2016,(1):37-55.
[13]Bernard Williams.“The Idea of Equality”in Philosophy,Politics and Society,seriesⅡ,P. Laslettand and W.G. Runcimaneds[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1962:114-116.
[14]龚群.论人的尊严[J].天津社会科学,2011,(2):17-20.
[15]谢·弗兰克.社会的精神基础[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003:60.
[16]Alasdair MacIntyre.After Virtue[M].Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1981:205.
[17]陈思坤.人的尊严伦理及价值[J].教育学术月刊,2010,(12):13-15.
[18]P.F.Strawson.Freedom and Resentment[M].London:Methuen,1974:2-23.
[19]蔡维音.“人性尊严”作为人类基因工程之基础法律规范理念——“人性尊严”作为法律概念其内涵开展之可能性[A].李瑞全,蔡笃坚.基因治疗与伦理、法治、社会意涵论文选集[C].台湾:台湾唐山出版公司,2003:37-38.
[20]Ian Carter.Respect and the Basis of Equality[J].Ethics,2011,(3):538-571.
[21]迈克尔·桑德尔.公正:该如何是好?[M].北京:中信出版社,2012:162-168.
[22]刘作翔.人格平等是“让人民生活得更有尊严”的关键[J].河北法学,2012,(1):19-20.
[23]胡玉鸿.人的尊严的法律属性辨析[J].中国社会科学,2016,(5):101-119.
[24]阿克塞尔·霍耐特.为承认而斗争[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005:100.