对外直接投资与中国企业的全球价值链升级
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摘要
本文在深入分析发展中国家对外直接投资影响企业全球价值链升级机理的基础上,采用中国微观企业数据,从工艺升级、产品升级、功能升级以及链条升级四个层次分析了对外直接投资对企业全球价值链升级过程的影响,并通过生存分析模型,研究了对外直接投资与企业参与全球价值链持续时间的关系。研究发现:第一,对外直接投资有利于发展中国家企业的工艺升级、产品升级、功能升级和链条升级,促进企业不断攀升全球价值链高端环节;第二,对外直接投资降低了企业退出全球价值链的风险,延长了企业参与全球价值链的持续时间;第三,东部沿海地区、投资发达国家和地区以及设立多分支机构的对外直接投资企业退出全球价值链的概率更低,嵌入全球价值链的持续时间更长。
Based on the analysis of the mechanism of OFDI affecting the upgrading process of global value chain of enterprises in developing countries, this paper investigates the effect of OFDI on Global Value Chain upgrading from four levels which are process upgrading, product upgrading, function upgrading and chain upgrading, by using the data of Chinese micro-enterprises. It also studies the relationship between OFDI and the duration of GVC participation through the survival analysis model. The research shows as follows. First, OFDI has a significant positive effect on the upgrading of technological upgrading, product upgrading, function upgrading and chain upgrading of enterprises in developing countries, and promotes enterprises to constantly climb the high-end links of global value chain. Second, OFDI reduces the risk of firms' withdrawing from GVC, and extends the duration of GVC participation. Third, those firms on the eastern seaboard, those who export to developed countries, those who have multiple branches of OFDI have low probability of quitting GVC, and have longer duration of GVC participation.
Based on the analysis of the mechanism of OFDI affecting the upgrading process of global value chain of enterprises in developing countries, this paper investigates the effect of OFDI on Global Value Chain upgrading from four levels which are process upgrading, product upgrading, function upgrading and chain upgrading, by using the data of Chinese micro-enterprises. It also studies the relationship between OFDI and the duration of GVC participation through the survival analysis model. The research shows as follows. First, OFDI has a significant positive effect on the upgrading of technological upgrading, product upgrading, function upgrading and chain upgrading of enterprises in developing countries, and promotes enterprises to constantly climb the high-end links of global value chain. Second, OFDI reduces the risk of firms' withdrawing from GVC, and extends the duration of GVC participation. Third, those firms on the eastern seaboard, those who export to developed countries, those who have multiple branches of OFDI have low probability of quitting GVC, and have longer duration of GVC participation.
引文
[1] KOJIMA K. Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational Business Operations [M]. London: Groom Helm, 1978.
[2] LALL S. The New Multinationals: The Spread of Third World Enterprises [M]. New York: John Wiley& Sons Press, 1983.
[3] OZAWA T. International Investment and Industrial Structure: New Theoretical Implications from the Japanese Experience [J]. Oxford Economic Papers, 1979, 3: 72-92.
[4] BRANSTETTER L. Is Foreign Direct Investment a Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence from Japan’s FDI in the United States [J]. Journal of International Economics, 2006, 68(2): 325-344.
[5] 常玉春. 我国对外直接投资的逆向技术外溢——以国有大型企业为例的实证 [J]. 经济管理, 2011(1): 9-15.
[6] 毛其淋, 许家云. 中国企业对外直接投资是否促进了企业创新 [J]. 世界经济, 2014(8): 98-125.
[7] KOKKO ARI. Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1994, 43(2): 279-293.
[8] 尹东东, 张建清. 我国对外直接投资逆向技术溢出效应研究——基于企业微观特征的分析 [J]. 国际贸易问题, 2016(1): 109-120.
[9] 杜运苏, 王丽丽. 中国出口贸易持续时间及其影响因素研究——基于Cloglog模型 [J]. 科研管理, 2015(7): 130-136.
[10] 王杰, 刘斌, 孙学敏. 对外直接投资与企业出口行为 ——基于微观企业数据的经验研究 [J]. 经济科学, 2016(1): 89-101.
[11] 吕越, 刘之洋, 吕云龙. 中国企业参与全球价值链的持续时间及其决定因素 [J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2017(6): 37-53.
[12] HUMPHREY J, SCHIMITZ H. Developing Country Firms in the World Economy: Governance and Upgrading in Global Value Chains [R]. INEF Report 61/2002. Duisburg: INEF-University of Duisburg, 2002.
[13] ILMAKUNNAS P, NURMI S. Dynamics of Export Market Entry and Exit [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2010, 112(1): 101-126.
[14] 张杰, 刘元春, 郑文平. 为什么出口会抑制中国企业增加值率: 基于政府行为的考察 [J]. 管理世界, 2013(6): 12-27.
[15] MANOVA K, YU Z. Firms and Credit Constraints along the Global Value Chain: Processing Trade in China [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2012, No.18561.
[16] LECINSOHN J, PETRIN A. Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservable [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2003, No.7819.
[17] 施炳展. 中国企业出口产品质量异质性: 测度与事实 [J]. 经济学(季刊), 2014(1): 263-284.
[18] 田巍, 余淼杰. 企业出口强度与进口中间品贸易自由化: 来自中国企业的实证研究 [J]. 管理世界, 2013(1): 28-44.
(1)发达国家包括经济合作与发展组织(OECD)中的28个发达经济体和非OECD中的16个发达经济体。
[2] LALL S. The New Multinationals: The Spread of Third World Enterprises [M]. New York: John Wiley& Sons Press, 1983.
[3] OZAWA T. International Investment and Industrial Structure: New Theoretical Implications from the Japanese Experience [J]. Oxford Economic Papers, 1979, 3: 72-92.
[4] BRANSTETTER L. Is Foreign Direct Investment a Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence from Japan’s FDI in the United States [J]. Journal of International Economics, 2006, 68(2): 325-344.
[5] 常玉春. 我国对外直接投资的逆向技术外溢——以国有大型企业为例的实证 [J]. 经济管理, 2011(1): 9-15.
[6] 毛其淋, 许家云. 中国企业对外直接投资是否促进了企业创新 [J]. 世界经济, 2014(8): 98-125.
[7] KOKKO ARI. Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1994, 43(2): 279-293.
[8] 尹东东, 张建清. 我国对外直接投资逆向技术溢出效应研究——基于企业微观特征的分析 [J]. 国际贸易问题, 2016(1): 109-120.
[9] 杜运苏, 王丽丽. 中国出口贸易持续时间及其影响因素研究——基于Cloglog模型 [J]. 科研管理, 2015(7): 130-136.
[10] 王杰, 刘斌, 孙学敏. 对外直接投资与企业出口行为 ——基于微观企业数据的经验研究 [J]. 经济科学, 2016(1): 89-101.
[11] 吕越, 刘之洋, 吕云龙. 中国企业参与全球价值链的持续时间及其决定因素 [J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2017(6): 37-53.
[12] HUMPHREY J, SCHIMITZ H. Developing Country Firms in the World Economy: Governance and Upgrading in Global Value Chains [R]. INEF Report 61/2002. Duisburg: INEF-University of Duisburg, 2002.
[13] ILMAKUNNAS P, NURMI S. Dynamics of Export Market Entry and Exit [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2010, 112(1): 101-126.
[14] 张杰, 刘元春, 郑文平. 为什么出口会抑制中国企业增加值率: 基于政府行为的考察 [J]. 管理世界, 2013(6): 12-27.
[15] MANOVA K, YU Z. Firms and Credit Constraints along the Global Value Chain: Processing Trade in China [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2012, No.18561.
[16] LECINSOHN J, PETRIN A. Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservable [R]. NBER Working Paper, 2003, No.7819.
[17] 施炳展. 中国企业出口产品质量异质性: 测度与事实 [J]. 经济学(季刊), 2014(1): 263-284.
[18] 田巍, 余淼杰. 企业出口强度与进口中间品贸易自由化: 来自中国企业的实证研究 [J]. 管理世界, 2013(1): 28-44.
(1)发达国家包括经济合作与发展组织(OECD)中的28个发达经济体和非OECD中的16个发达经济体。