全面停伐背景下国有林区职工主观福祉及其影响因素分析
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摘要
在全面停止天然林商品性采伐背景下,准确掌握国有林区职工主观福祉水平,为政府部门精准实施全面停伐后的配套扶持政策提供科学依据。本文首次利用覆盖东北五大森工集团的1004个重点国有林区民生改革监测跟踪调查数据,基于阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论框架和千年生态系统评估福祉要素,构建国有林区职工主观福祉影响因素理论模型,运用多项有序Logit模型展开实证检验。研究结果表明:①龙江森工、内蒙古森工和长白山森工全面停伐与国有林区改革效果良好,大兴安岭林业集团和吉林森工滞后;全面停伐后国有林区基础设施建设较快,但医疗条件改善缓慢,收入与就业有待提升。②82.77%国有林区职工生活满意度处于一般满意水平以上,但低于中国农民主观福祉和城镇居民生活满意度水平。③身体状况、附属医院、家庭总支出、住房满意度、物价水平满意度、行政服务满意度、社会保障满意度、收入满意度和双重就业满意度对国有林区职工主观福祉有正向影响。④尽管山上林场和山下社区职工主观福祉影响因素不同,但家庭总支出、物价水平、社会保障、双重就业与收入满意度是提升国有林区职工主观福祉的核心要素。
This study systematically examined the subjective well-being(SWB) of the forestry workers in Northeastern key state-owned forest areas of China after the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests, in order to provide a scientific plan for the government to implement the supporting policies. It used the data of 1,004 monitoring and survey questionnaires on the policy reform in the study area. Based on the theoretical framework of Amartya Sen's capability approach and the indicators of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this study empirically analyzed the influencing factors of the SWB of forestry workers using the Ordered Logit models. The results show that:(1) Longjiang Forest Industry Bureau, Inner Mongolia Forest Industry Bureau, and Changbaishang Forest Industry Bureau performed well in the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests and the reform of relevant policies, but Daxinganling Forestry Group and Jilin Forest Industry Bureau lagged behind. Infrastructure development was fast, but improvement in medical care provision was slow, and income and employment also need to be improved after the cessation.(2) 82.77% of the forestry workers indicated reasonably high level of life satisfaction, but lower than the SWB of Chinese farmers and the life satisfaction of urban residents.(3) Health condition, affiliated hospital, total household expenditure, housing satisfaction, price satisfaction, government service satisfaction, social security satisfaction, income satisfaction, and dual employment have positive impact on the SWB of forestry workers in the Northeastern key state-owned forest areas.(4) Although the influencing factors of SWB of workers in remote forest farms and large forest communities are different, total household expenditure, price, social security, dual employment, and income satisfaction are the core areas for improving the SWB of forestry workers in Northeastern key state-owned forest areas of China.
This study systematically examined the subjective well-being(SWB) of the forestry workers in Northeastern key state-owned forest areas of China after the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests, in order to provide a scientific plan for the government to implement the supporting policies. It used the data of 1,004 monitoring and survey questionnaires on the policy reform in the study area. Based on the theoretical framework of Amartya Sen's capability approach and the indicators of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this study empirically analyzed the influencing factors of the SWB of forestry workers using the Ordered Logit models. The results show that:(1) Longjiang Forest Industry Bureau, Inner Mongolia Forest Industry Bureau, and Changbaishang Forest Industry Bureau performed well in the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests and the reform of relevant policies, but Daxinganling Forestry Group and Jilin Forest Industry Bureau lagged behind. Infrastructure development was fast, but improvement in medical care provision was slow, and income and employment also need to be improved after the cessation.(2) 82.77% of the forestry workers indicated reasonably high level of life satisfaction, but lower than the SWB of Chinese farmers and the life satisfaction of urban residents.(3) Health condition, affiliated hospital, total household expenditure, housing satisfaction, price satisfaction, government service satisfaction, social security satisfaction, income satisfaction, and dual employment have positive impact on the SWB of forestry workers in the Northeastern key state-owned forest areas.(4) Although the influencing factors of SWB of workers in remote forest farms and large forest communities are different, total household expenditure, price, social security, dual employment, and income satisfaction are the core areas for improving the SWB of forestry workers in Northeastern key state-owned forest areas of China.
引文
[1]国家林业局.林业发展“十三五”规划[EB/OL].(2016-05-25)[2018-07-04].http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/58/content-875013.html.pdf.[National Forestry Administration.Forestry’s Development 13th Five-Year Plan[EB/OL].(2016-05-25)[2018-07-04].http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/58/content-875013.html.pdf.]
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[3]Wu J G.Landscape sustainability science,ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes[J].Landscape Ecology,2013,28(6):999-1023.
[4]黄甘霖,姜亚琼,刘志锋,等.人类福祉研究进展:基于可持续科学视角[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7519-7527.[Huang G L,Jiang Y Q,Liu Z F,et al.Advances in human well-being research:A sustainability science perspective[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7519-7527.]
[5]Easterlin R A.Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?Some Empirical Evidence[A].David P A,Reder M W.Nations and Households in Economic Growth[C].New York:Academic Press,1974.
[6]申津羽,韩笑,侯一蕾,等.贫困山区的农户主观福祉影响因素研究:以湖南省湘西州为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(10):2174-2182.[Shen J Y,Han X,Hou Y L,et al.Subjective well-being of households in rural poverty regions in Xiangxi,Hunan Province[J].Resources Science,2014,36(10):2174-2182.]
[7]檀学文,吴国宝.福祉测量理论与实践的新进展:“加速城镇化背景下福祉测量及其政策应用”国际论坛综述[J].中国农村经济,2014,(9):87-96.[Tan X W,Wu G B.New advances in theory and practice of well-being measurement:A viewpoint summary of the international symposium on well-being measurement application in policy making under the background of accelerating urbanization[J].China Rural Economy,2014,(9):87-96.]
[8]Bradburn N M.The Structure of Psychological Well-Being[M].Chicago:Aldine,1969.
[9]Diener E D,Emmons R A,Larsen R J,et al.The satisfaction with life scale[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1985,49(1):71-75.
[10]Yang W,Dietz T,Kramer DB,et al.Going Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:an Index System of Human Well-Being[J].PLoS ONE,2013,8(5):e64582.
[11]白描,吴国宝.农民主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析:基于5省10县农户调查资料[J].中国农村观察,2017,(1):41-51.[Bai M,Wu G B.An analysis on rural residents’subjective well-being and the determinants:An empirical survey based on rural household data from ten counties in five provinces[J].China Rural Survey,2017,(1):41-51.]
[12]徐荣林,吴昱芳,石金莲.基于旅游感知视角的居民主观福祉影响因素研究:以九寨沟国家级自然保护区为例[J].南京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(4):104-114.[Xu R L,Wu Y F,Shi J L.Factors influencing the residents’subjective well-Being from the perspective of tourism perception:An empirical study on Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Nanjing Tech University(Social Science Edition),2017,16(4):104-114.]
[13]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and Human WellBeing:Synthesis[M].Washington:Island Press,2005.
[14]丁屹红,姚顺波.退耕还林工程对农户福祉影响比较分析:基于6个省951户农户调查为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):45-50.[Ding Y H,Yao S B.A comparative analysis of the impacts of the sloping land conversion program on the well-being of households in the Yellow and Yangtze river basins[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):45-50.]
[15]刘秀丽,张勃,郑庆荣.黄土高原土石山区退耕还林对农户福祉的影响研究:以宁武县为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):397-405.[Liu X L,Zhang B,Zheng Q R.Impacts of converting farmland into forests on farmer well-being in the earth-rock mountain areas of the loses plateau[J].Resources Science,2014,36(2):397-405.]
[16]乔旭宁,张婷,杨永菊,等.渭干河流域生态系统服务的空间溢出及对居民福祉的影响[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):533-544.[Qiao X N,Zhang T,Yang Y J,et al.Spatial flow of ecosystem services and impacts on human well-being in the Weigan River Basin[J].Resources Science,2017,39(3):533-544.]
[17]李鑫远,雷敏,郗家祺,等.生态移民福祉影响因素研究:基于陕西省蓝田县农村抽样调研[J].地理研究,2018,37(6):1127-1141.[Li X Y,Lei M,Xi J Q,et al.A study on the influencing factors of rural residents’well-being under the ecological migration:Based on the sampling survey of rural areas in Lantian county of Shaanxi province[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(6):1127-1141.]
[18]姚进忠.福利研究新视角:可行能力理论起点、内涵与演进[J].国外社会科学,2018,(2):53-67.[Yao J Z.New perspective on welfare research:The theoretical starting point,connotation and evolution of feasible capability[J].Social Sciences Abroad,2018,(2):53-67.]
[19]Sen A K.On Economic Inequality[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1997.
[20]Costanza R.The value of world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,385(15):253-262.
[21]王向南.国有林区就业与社会保障制度重构:基于吉林省的实证分析[J].财经理论与实践,2017,38(5):122-126.[Wang X N.Research on state-owned forest region employment and social security system reform:Taking Jilin Province as an example[J].The Theory and Practice of Finance and Economics,2017,38(5):122-126.]
[22]田国双,邹玉友,刘畅.国有林区职工对林业补贴政策实施满意度及其影响因素实证分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(4):26-30.[Tian G S,Zou Y Y,Liu C.Factors influencing forestry workers satisfaction to forestry subsidy policy[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(4):26-30.]
[23]Martha C N.Women and Human Development:The Capabilities Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[24]李惠梅,张雄,张俊峰,等.自然资源保护对参与者多维福祉的影响:以黄河源头玛多牧民为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(22):6767-6777.[Li H M,Zhang X,Zhang J F,et al.Herdsman’s multidimensional well-being in response of natural resources protection in the source region of the Yellow River,China:Case study based on household investigation in Maduo County[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(22):6767-6777.]
[25]袁方,史清华.不平等再检验:可行能力和收入不平等与农民工福利[J].管理世界,2013,(10):49-61.[Yuan F,Shi Q H.The reexamination of inequality:The capability in equality,the income inequality and the welfare of peasant migrant workers[J].Management World,2013,(10):49-61.]
[26]Zimmermann S.The pursuit of subjective well-being through specific consumption choice[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2014,(9):1-54.
[27]李静,王月金.健康与农民主观福祉的关系分析:基于全国5省(区)1000个农户的调查[J].中国农村经济,2015,(10):80-88.[Li J,Wang Y J.An analysis of the relation between health and subjective well-being of farmers in China:Based on surrey to1000 farmer’s households in 5 provinces[J].China Rural Economy,2015,(10):80-88.]
[28]朱迪.市场竞争、集体消费与环境质量:城镇居民生活满意度及其影响因素分析[J].社会学研究,2016,31(3):193-217.[Zhu D.Market competition,collective consumption and environment:Life satisfaction of urban population and its impact factors[J].Sociological Study,2016,31(3):193-217.]
[29]张朝辉.新一轮退耕还林工程农户风险感知的影响因素分析:基于新疆阿克苏地区的调研数据[J].资源科学,2018,40(7):1387-1396.[Zhang C H.Factors affecting risk perception of farmers in the new round returning farmland to forest project in the Aksu Region[J].Resources Science,2018,40(7):1387-1396.]
[30]朱震锋,曹玉昆.森林资源型经济转型中的社会福利损失:特征、内容及出路[J].世界林业研究,2017,30(2):67-72.[Zhu ZF,Cao Y K.Loss of social welfare in forest resource-based economic transformation:Characteristics,contents and outlets[J].World Forestry Research,2017,30(2):67-72.]
[31]刘畅,邓铭,冉春红.东北地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(6):155-162.[Liu C,Deng M,Ran C H.Research on the coordinated development of agricultural modernization and new urbanization in Northeast China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(6):155-162.]
[32]Zhu H G,Hu S L,Ren Y,et al.Determinants of engagement in non-timber forest products(NTFPs)business activities:A study on worker households in the forest areas of Daxinganling and Xiaoxinganling Mountains,northeastern China[J].Forest Policy and Economics,2017,80(7):125-132.
1)汇报的边际贡献结果是全部样本的边际贡献,不单独列出山上林场和山下社区。
[2]中共中央,国务院.国有林区改革指导意见[EB/OL].(2015-03-17)[2018-07-04].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-03/17/content_2835513.htm.pdf.[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,State Council.Notice on the Reform of National Stateowned Forest Area[EB/OL].(2015-03-17)[2018-07-04].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-03/17/content_2835513.htm.pdf.]
[3]Wu J G.Landscape sustainability science,ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes[J].Landscape Ecology,2013,28(6):999-1023.
[4]黄甘霖,姜亚琼,刘志锋,等.人类福祉研究进展:基于可持续科学视角[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7519-7527.[Huang G L,Jiang Y Q,Liu Z F,et al.Advances in human well-being research:A sustainability science perspective[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7519-7527.]
[5]Easterlin R A.Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?Some Empirical Evidence[A].David P A,Reder M W.Nations and Households in Economic Growth[C].New York:Academic Press,1974.
[6]申津羽,韩笑,侯一蕾,等.贫困山区的农户主观福祉影响因素研究:以湖南省湘西州为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(10):2174-2182.[Shen J Y,Han X,Hou Y L,et al.Subjective well-being of households in rural poverty regions in Xiangxi,Hunan Province[J].Resources Science,2014,36(10):2174-2182.]
[7]檀学文,吴国宝.福祉测量理论与实践的新进展:“加速城镇化背景下福祉测量及其政策应用”国际论坛综述[J].中国农村经济,2014,(9):87-96.[Tan X W,Wu G B.New advances in theory and practice of well-being measurement:A viewpoint summary of the international symposium on well-being measurement application in policy making under the background of accelerating urbanization[J].China Rural Economy,2014,(9):87-96.]
[8]Bradburn N M.The Structure of Psychological Well-Being[M].Chicago:Aldine,1969.
[9]Diener E D,Emmons R A,Larsen R J,et al.The satisfaction with life scale[J].Journal of Personality Assessment,1985,49(1):71-75.
[10]Yang W,Dietz T,Kramer DB,et al.Going Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:an Index System of Human Well-Being[J].PLoS ONE,2013,8(5):e64582.
[11]白描,吴国宝.农民主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析:基于5省10县农户调查资料[J].中国农村观察,2017,(1):41-51.[Bai M,Wu G B.An analysis on rural residents’subjective well-being and the determinants:An empirical survey based on rural household data from ten counties in five provinces[J].China Rural Survey,2017,(1):41-51.]
[12]徐荣林,吴昱芳,石金莲.基于旅游感知视角的居民主观福祉影响因素研究:以九寨沟国家级自然保护区为例[J].南京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(4):104-114.[Xu R L,Wu Y F,Shi J L.Factors influencing the residents’subjective well-Being from the perspective of tourism perception:An empirical study on Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Nanjing Tech University(Social Science Edition),2017,16(4):104-114.]
[13]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and Human WellBeing:Synthesis[M].Washington:Island Press,2005.
[14]丁屹红,姚顺波.退耕还林工程对农户福祉影响比较分析:基于6个省951户农户调查为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):45-50.[Ding Y H,Yao S B.A comparative analysis of the impacts of the sloping land conversion program on the well-being of households in the Yellow and Yangtze river basins[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):45-50.]
[15]刘秀丽,张勃,郑庆荣.黄土高原土石山区退耕还林对农户福祉的影响研究:以宁武县为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):397-405.[Liu X L,Zhang B,Zheng Q R.Impacts of converting farmland into forests on farmer well-being in the earth-rock mountain areas of the loses plateau[J].Resources Science,2014,36(2):397-405.]
[16]乔旭宁,张婷,杨永菊,等.渭干河流域生态系统服务的空间溢出及对居民福祉的影响[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):533-544.[Qiao X N,Zhang T,Yang Y J,et al.Spatial flow of ecosystem services and impacts on human well-being in the Weigan River Basin[J].Resources Science,2017,39(3):533-544.]
[17]李鑫远,雷敏,郗家祺,等.生态移民福祉影响因素研究:基于陕西省蓝田县农村抽样调研[J].地理研究,2018,37(6):1127-1141.[Li X Y,Lei M,Xi J Q,et al.A study on the influencing factors of rural residents’well-being under the ecological migration:Based on the sampling survey of rural areas in Lantian county of Shaanxi province[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(6):1127-1141.]
[18]姚进忠.福利研究新视角:可行能力理论起点、内涵与演进[J].国外社会科学,2018,(2):53-67.[Yao J Z.New perspective on welfare research:The theoretical starting point,connotation and evolution of feasible capability[J].Social Sciences Abroad,2018,(2):53-67.]
[19]Sen A K.On Economic Inequality[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1997.
[20]Costanza R.The value of world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,385(15):253-262.
[21]王向南.国有林区就业与社会保障制度重构:基于吉林省的实证分析[J].财经理论与实践,2017,38(5):122-126.[Wang X N.Research on state-owned forest region employment and social security system reform:Taking Jilin Province as an example[J].The Theory and Practice of Finance and Economics,2017,38(5):122-126.]
[22]田国双,邹玉友,刘畅.国有林区职工对林业补贴政策实施满意度及其影响因素实证分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(4):26-30.[Tian G S,Zou Y Y,Liu C.Factors influencing forestry workers satisfaction to forestry subsidy policy[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2018,32(4):26-30.]
[23]Martha C N.Women and Human Development:The Capabilities Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[24]李惠梅,张雄,张俊峰,等.自然资源保护对参与者多维福祉的影响:以黄河源头玛多牧民为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(22):6767-6777.[Li H M,Zhang X,Zhang J F,et al.Herdsman’s multidimensional well-being in response of natural resources protection in the source region of the Yellow River,China:Case study based on household investigation in Maduo County[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(22):6767-6777.]
[25]袁方,史清华.不平等再检验:可行能力和收入不平等与农民工福利[J].管理世界,2013,(10):49-61.[Yuan F,Shi Q H.The reexamination of inequality:The capability in equality,the income inequality and the welfare of peasant migrant workers[J].Management World,2013,(10):49-61.]
[26]Zimmermann S.The pursuit of subjective well-being through specific consumption choice[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2014,(9):1-54.
[27]李静,王月金.健康与农民主观福祉的关系分析:基于全国5省(区)1000个农户的调查[J].中国农村经济,2015,(10):80-88.[Li J,Wang Y J.An analysis of the relation between health and subjective well-being of farmers in China:Based on surrey to1000 farmer’s households in 5 provinces[J].China Rural Economy,2015,(10):80-88.]
[28]朱迪.市场竞争、集体消费与环境质量:城镇居民生活满意度及其影响因素分析[J].社会学研究,2016,31(3):193-217.[Zhu D.Market competition,collective consumption and environment:Life satisfaction of urban population and its impact factors[J].Sociological Study,2016,31(3):193-217.]
[29]张朝辉.新一轮退耕还林工程农户风险感知的影响因素分析:基于新疆阿克苏地区的调研数据[J].资源科学,2018,40(7):1387-1396.[Zhang C H.Factors affecting risk perception of farmers in the new round returning farmland to forest project in the Aksu Region[J].Resources Science,2018,40(7):1387-1396.]
[30]朱震锋,曹玉昆.森林资源型经济转型中的社会福利损失:特征、内容及出路[J].世界林业研究,2017,30(2):67-72.[Zhu ZF,Cao Y K.Loss of social welfare in forest resource-based economic transformation:Characteristics,contents and outlets[J].World Forestry Research,2017,30(2):67-72.]
[31]刘畅,邓铭,冉春红.东北地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(6):155-162.[Liu C,Deng M,Ran C H.Research on the coordinated development of agricultural modernization and new urbanization in Northeast China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(6):155-162.]
[32]Zhu H G,Hu S L,Ren Y,et al.Determinants of engagement in non-timber forest products(NTFPs)business activities:A study on worker households in the forest areas of Daxinganling and Xiaoxinganling Mountains,northeastern China[J].Forest Policy and Economics,2017,80(7):125-132.
1)汇报的边际贡献结果是全部样本的边际贡献,不单独列出山上林场和山下社区。