北京市星级旅游饭店水资源利用变化及影响因素
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摘要
星级旅游饭店是北京市的主要用水行业之一,自实施取水定额管理以来,其水资源利用情况发生了巨大变化。通过对北京市349家饭店进行问卷调查及部分典型调查,在分析饭店业态变化的基础上,对饭店2005—2015年期间的用水量及用水结构变化进行了研究,并探讨了其变化原因。结果发现:①饭店用水总量得到有效控制,用水效率大幅提升;②饭店结构发生较大变化,餐厅在饭店中的重要程度增加,其用水量也大幅增长;③贯彻落实取水定额管理、推广使用节水型生活用水器具、进行精细化用水管理、充分利用非常规水源是促进北京市饭店行业用水水平提升的有效措施;④2008年颁布的饭店取水定额标准的分类方法和核算单元仍然合理,可以在修订的新版本取水定额标准中继续沿用。
Star tourist hotels are a main water consumption industry in Beijing, and their pattern of water consumption has changed after the enforcement of water quota norm. Through a questionnaire survey of 349 hotels in Beijing, water consumption and structure changes from 2005 to 2015 of hotels in Beijing were analyzed in this study, and the causes of change were explored.The results show that:(1) The total water consumption of hotel has been controlled, and water-use efficiency has greatly improved;(2) Water consumption of hotels changed significantly, and restaurants became an important contributor of water use;(3) Water quota norm, water-saving devices, micromanagement, and unconventional water sources promoted the improvement of water use efficiency of hotels;(4) The classification method and accounting unit of water quota norm(2008 version) could continue to be used.
Star tourist hotels are a main water consumption industry in Beijing, and their pattern of water consumption has changed after the enforcement of water quota norm. Through a questionnaire survey of 349 hotels in Beijing, water consumption and structure changes from 2005 to 2015 of hotels in Beijing were analyzed in this study, and the causes of change were explored.The results show that:(1) The total water consumption of hotel has been controlled, and water-use efficiency has greatly improved;(2) Water consumption of hotels changed significantly, and restaurants became an important contributor of water use;(3) Water quota norm, water-saving devices, micromanagement, and unconventional water sources promoted the improvement of water use efficiency of hotels;(4) The classification method and accounting unit of water quota norm(2008 version) could continue to be used.
引文
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[17]蒋艳灵,陈远生,何建平,等.水资源定额管理的原理研究[J].中国水利,2008,(17):6-8.[Jiang Y L,Chen Y S,He J P,et al.Studies on principle of quota management of water resources[J].China Water Resources,2008,(17):6-8.]
[18]北京市人民政府.北京市人民政府关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见[EB/OL].(2012-08-20)[2018-08-15].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/e74e38e09b89680203d825db.html.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.Opinion of the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality on Implementing the Most Stringent Water Resources Management System[EB/OL].(2012-08-20)[2018-08-15].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/e74e38e09b89680203d825db.html.]
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[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.CJ 164-2002:节水型生活用水器具[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of People’s Republic of China.CJ 164-2002:Domestic Water Saving Devices[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2002.]
[21]陆毅,赵金辉,徐斌,等.高层宾馆建筑用水调查与节水措施探讨[J].给水排水,2015,51(11):70-73.[Lu Y,Zhao J H,Xu B,et al.Investigation on water use of high-rise hotel buildings and discussion on water saving measures[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(11):70-73.]
[22]黄好思.北京市城镇居民家庭节水器具使用情况分析[J].城镇供水,2017,(2):48-51.[Huang H S.Analysis on the use of watersaving apparatus for urban residents in Beijing[J].City and Town Water Supply,2017,(2):48-51.]
[23]曲炜.我国非常规水源开发利用存在的问题及对策[J].水利经济,2011,29(3):60-63.[Qu W.Problems and countermeasures in utilization of non-conventional water resources in China[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2011,29(3):60-63.]
[24]黄廷林,杨敏.宾馆饭店分散式中水回用系统模拟预测及情景分析[J].供水技术,2007,1(4):45-48.[Huang T L,Yang M.Simulated forecast and scene analysis of decentralized reclaimed water system for hotels[J].Water Technology,2007,1(4):45-48.]
[25]中华人民共和国文化和旅游部.LB/T007-2006:绿色旅游饭店[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011.[Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China.LB/T007-2006:Green Hotel[M].Beijing:China Tourism Press,2011.]
[2]孙艳芝,鲁春霞,谢高地,等.北京城市发展与水资源利用关系分析[J].资源科学,2015,37(6):1124-1132.[Sun Y Z,Lu C X,Xie G D,et al.The conjunction between urban development and the utilization of water resources in Beijing[J].Resources Science,2015,37(6):1124-1132.]
[3]廖强,张士锋,陈俊旭.北京市水资源短缺风险等级评价与预测[J].资源科学,2013,35(1):140-147.[Liao Q,Zhang S F,Chen JX.Risk assessment and prediction of water shortages in Beijing[J].Resources Science,2013,35(1):140-147.]
[4]蔡琢,赵金辉,蒋军成,等.城市宾馆业用水定额制定探讨[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(4):96-98.[Cai Z,Zhao J H,Jiang J C,et al.Discussion of established the water using quota in city hotels[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2007,18(4):96-98.]
[5]左建兵,陈远生.北京市宾馆用水定额管理研究[J].资源科学,2005,27(5):107-112.[Zuo J B,Chen Y S.Quota management of the hotel’s water use in Beijing[J].Resources Science,2005,27(5):107-112.]
[6]左建兵,刘昌明,郑红星.北京市宾馆行业用水效率评价研究[J].中国水利,2009,(11):52-55.[Zuo J B,Liu C M,Zheng H X.Assessment of water use efficiency of hotels in Beijing Municipality[J].China Water Resources,2009,(11):52-55.]
[7]昝玉红,谢民育,宁建辉,等.武汉市宾馆饭店行业取水定额的编制研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2005,23(1):15-20.[Zan Y H,Xie M Y,Ning J H,et al.The establishment research of fixed quantity to take water in Wuhan hotels[J].Journal of Hebei Institute of Architectural Engineering,2005,23(1):15-20.]
[8]王伟,刘云婷,孙琦,等.天津市宾馆酒店综合用水定额编制[J].南水北调与水利科技,2015,13(6):1197-1202.[Wang W,Liu YT,Sun Q,et al.Determination of comprehensive water quota for hotel in Tianjin[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2015,13(6):1197-1202.]
[9]周广安,张磊.谈宾馆行业用水定额的编制方法[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(12):63-65.[Zhou G A,Zhang L.Discussion on the method for working out water consumption quota in hotel trade[J].China Water&Wastewater,2002,18(12):63-65.]
[10]阎官法,贾涛,郝利民,等.工业用水定额的制订与管理研究[J].地域研究与开发,2005,24(5):120-123.[Yan G F,Jia T,Hao LM,et al.Formulation and management of industrial water quotas[J].Areal Research and Development,2005,24(5):120-123.]
[11]罗东霞,李春颖.国内外绿色饭店标准及认证评级比较研究[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(8):79-86.[Luo D X,Li C Y.A Comparative study of the standards and certification systems of the green hotel[J].Tourism Tribune,2013,28(8):79-86.]
[12]北京市统计局.北京统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics.Beijing Statistical Yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Pres,2015]
[13]中华人民共和国文化和旅游部.GB/T14308-2010:旅游饭店的星级划分与评定[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011.[Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China.GB/T14308-2010:Classification and Accreditation for Star-rated Tourist Hotels[M].Beijing:China Tourism Press,2011.]
[14]高媛媛,王红瑞,韩鲁杰,等.北京市水危机意识与水资源管理机制创新[J].资源科学,2010,32(2):274-281.[Gao Y Y,Wang H R,Han L J,et al.Consciousness of water resources crisis and the innovation of the water resources management system in Beijing[J].Resources Science,2010,32(2):274-281.]
[15]陈午,许新宜,王红瑞,等.基于改进序关系法的北京市水资源可持续利用评价[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(1):164-176.[Chen W,Xu X Y,Wang H R,et al.The evaluation of water resources sustainable utilization in Beijing based on improved rank correlation analysis[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(1):164-176.]
[16]刘晓,刘虹利,王红瑞,等.北京市水资源管理“三条红线”指标体系与评价方法[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(6):1017-1028.[Liu X,Liu H L,Wang H R,et al.Indicator system and evaluation method of Three Red Lines of water resources management in Beijing[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(6):1017-1028.]
[17]蒋艳灵,陈远生,何建平,等.水资源定额管理的原理研究[J].中国水利,2008,(17):6-8.[Jiang Y L,Chen Y S,He J P,et al.Studies on principle of quota management of water resources[J].China Water Resources,2008,(17):6-8.]
[18]北京市人民政府.北京市人民政府关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见[EB/OL].(2012-08-20)[2018-08-15].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/e74e38e09b89680203d825db.html.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.Opinion of the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality on Implementing the Most Stringent Water Resources Management System[EB/OL].(2012-08-20)[2018-08-15].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/e74e38e09b89680203d825db.html.]
[19]北京市人民政府.北京市节约用水办法[EB/OL].(2012-04-12)[2018-08-15].http://www.bjwater.gov.cn/bjwater/300747/300754/300760/306757/index.html.[The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality.Beijing Water Conservation Measures[EB/OL].(2012-04-12)[2018-08-15].http://www.bjwater.gov.cn/bjwater/300747/300754/300760/306757/index.html.]
[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.CJ 164-2002:节水型生活用水器具[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of People’s Republic of China.CJ 164-2002:Domestic Water Saving Devices[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2002.]
[21]陆毅,赵金辉,徐斌,等.高层宾馆建筑用水调查与节水措施探讨[J].给水排水,2015,51(11):70-73.[Lu Y,Zhao J H,Xu B,et al.Investigation on water use of high-rise hotel buildings and discussion on water saving measures[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(11):70-73.]
[22]黄好思.北京市城镇居民家庭节水器具使用情况分析[J].城镇供水,2017,(2):48-51.[Huang H S.Analysis on the use of watersaving apparatus for urban residents in Beijing[J].City and Town Water Supply,2017,(2):48-51.]
[23]曲炜.我国非常规水源开发利用存在的问题及对策[J].水利经济,2011,29(3):60-63.[Qu W.Problems and countermeasures in utilization of non-conventional water resources in China[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2011,29(3):60-63.]
[24]黄廷林,杨敏.宾馆饭店分散式中水回用系统模拟预测及情景分析[J].供水技术,2007,1(4):45-48.[Huang T L,Yang M.Simulated forecast and scene analysis of decentralized reclaimed water system for hotels[J].Water Technology,2007,1(4):45-48.]
[25]中华人民共和国文化和旅游部.LB/T007-2006:绿色旅游饭店[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011.[Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China.LB/T007-2006:Green Hotel[M].Beijing:China Tourism Press,2011.]