灭绝古人类与现代人的混血研究进展
|
摘要
古人类与现代人是否发生过杂交一直是人类演化中的一个重要问题,一直以来人们普遍认为这种杂交是没有发生过的。古DNA实验技术及高通量测序技术的出现和发展让这一问题得到了新的答案,非洲之外人群确实与早期智人发生过基因交流,借助高通量测序技术确定现代欧亚地区人群依旧携带有尼安德特人DNA,而其中东亚人群所携带的比例要高于西欧地区人群。2008年,在俄罗斯的丹尼索瓦山洞发掘出了一种未知的古人类化石,他们是一类已经灭绝的人属成员。尽管丹尼索瓦人生活在西伯利亚,他们却和新几内亚、澳洲原住民人群亲缘关系更近,而没有或者极小程度地对东亚人贡献了DNA。对于尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人的研究都说明现代人对古人类的替代没有在亚欧大陆发生。2017年,中国完成了一种被称为田园洞人的早期现代人的DNA测序,对田园洞人的线粒体DNA与核DNA分析显示出现代人扩散路线的复杂性。
Whether archaic humans and modern humans had admixture is an important question in human evolution. For a long time, it has been widely accepted that this kind of interbreeding didn't happen. As the emergence and advancements in ancient DNA experimental methods and high-throughput sequencing technology,the question had a new answer, reconstructing the interactions between modern non-African and extinction archaic humans proved that modern humans and archaic humans indeed interbred in the past. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology, researchers found modern non-African are still keeping Neanderthals genome, and East Asians carry more Neandertal DNA than West European. In 2008, researchers found a kind of new archaic humans in Denisovans cave, Russia. They are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in genus Homo. Although Denisovans lived in Siberia, they are related with New Guinean and Australian aborigines and have no or a little contribution to East Asians DNA. Both researches of Neanderthals and Denisovans showed the substitution didn't happen in Eurasia. In 2017, China completed their first aDNA sequencing. Analysis on both mtDNA and nDNA of Tianyuan men suggested the complicate geographic spread of modern humans.
Whether archaic humans and modern humans had admixture is an important question in human evolution. For a long time, it has been widely accepted that this kind of interbreeding didn't happen. As the emergence and advancements in ancient DNA experimental methods and high-throughput sequencing technology,the question had a new answer, reconstructing the interactions between modern non-African and extinction archaic humans proved that modern humans and archaic humans indeed interbred in the past. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology, researchers found modern non-African are still keeping Neanderthals genome, and East Asians carry more Neandertal DNA than West European. In 2008, researchers found a kind of new archaic humans in Denisovans cave, Russia. They are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in genus Homo. Although Denisovans lived in Siberia, they are related with New Guinean and Australian aborigines and have no or a little contribution to East Asians DNA. Both researches of Neanderthals and Denisovans showed the substitution didn't happen in Eurasia. In 2017, China completed their first aDNA sequencing. Analysis on both mtDNA and nDNA of Tianyuan men suggested the complicate geographic spread of modern humans.
引文
[1]Wolpoff MH,Spuhler JN,Smith FH,et al.Modern human origins.Science,1988,241:772-4
[2]Wilson AC,Cann RL.The recent African genesis of humans.Sci Am,1992,266:68-73
[3]Watson JD,Crick FHC.A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid.Nature,1953,171:737-8
[4]Sarich VM,Wilson AC.Immunological time scale for hominid evolution.Science,1967,158:1200-3
[5]Stringer CB,Andrews P.Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans.Science,1988,239:1263-8
[6]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondrial DNAand human evolution.Nature,1987,325:31-6
[7]全国科学技术名词审定委员会.《古生物学名词》[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2009
[8]Higuchi R,Bowman B,Freiberger M,et al.DNAsequences from the quagga,an extinct member of the horse family.Nature,1984,312:282-4
[9]P??bo S.Molecular genetic investigations of ancient human remains.Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol,1986,51:441-6
[10]Slatkin M,Racimo F.Ancient DNA and human history.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2016,113:6380-7
[11]Krings M,Stone A,Schmitz RW,et al.Neandertal DNAsequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell,1997,90:19-30
[12]Briggs AW,Good JM,Green RE,et al.Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neandertal mtDNA genomes.Science,2009,325:318-21
[13]Wall JD,Hammer MF.Archaic admixture in the human genome.Curr Opin Genet Dev,2006,16:606-10
[14]Green RE,Krause J,Briggs AW,et al.A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome.Science,2010,328:710-22
[15]Prüfer K,Racimo F,Patterson N,et al.The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains.Nature,2014,505:43-9
[16]Lohse K,Frantz LA.Neandertal admixture in Eurasia confirmed by maximum-likelihood analysis of three genomes.Genetics,2014,196:1241-51
[17]Prüfer K,De FC,Grote S,et al.A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia.Science,2017,358:655-8
[18]Vernot B,Akey JM.Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes.Science,2014,343:1017-21
[19]Slon V,Viola B,Renaud G,et al.A fourth Denisovan individual.Sci Adv,2017,3:e1700186
[20]Krause J,Fu Q,Good JM,et al.The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia.Nature,2010,464:894-7
[21]Reich D,Green RE,Kircher M,et al.Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.Nature,2010,468:1053-60
[22]Reich D,Patterson N,Kircher M,et al.Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania.Am J Hum Genet,2011,89:516-28
[23]Cooper A,Stringer CB.Did the Denisovans cross Wallace's Line?Science,2013,342:321-3
[24]Fu Q,Meyer M,Gao X,et al.DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave,China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2013,110:2223-7
[25]Skoglund P,Jakobsson M.Archaic human ancestry in East Asia.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108:18301-6
[26]Wall JD,Yang MA,Jay F,et al.Higher levels of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans.Genetics,2013,194:199-209
[27]Meyer M,Arsuaga JL,De FC,et al.Nuclear DNAsequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins.Nature,2016,531:504-7
[28]Slon V,Mafessoni F,Vernot B,et al.The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father.Nature,2018,561:113-6
[29]Shang H,Tong H,Zhang S,et al.An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave,Zhoukoudian,China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104:6573-8
[30]Yang MA,Gao X,Theunert C,et al.40,000-year-old individual from Asia provides insight into early population structure in Eurasia.Curr Biol,2017,27:3202-8
[31]Allentoft ME,Collins M,Harker D,et al.The half-life of DNA in bone:measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils.Proc R Soc B,2012,279:4724-33
[32]Duarte C,Maurício J,Pettitt PB,et al.The early upper paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho(Portugal)and modern human emergence in Iberia.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999,96:7604-9
[33]Trinkaus E,Moldovan O,Milota S,et al.An early modern human from the Pestera cu Oase,Romania.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100:11231-6
[34]Fu Q,Li H,Moorjani P,et al.Genome sequence of a45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia.Nature,2014,514:445-9
[35]Sriram S,Nick P,Li H,et al.The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans.PLoS Genet,2012,8:e1002947
[36]吴新智.中国和欧洲早期智人的比较研究.人类学学报,1988,7:287-93
[37]Li ZY,Wu XJ,Zhou LP,et al.Late pleistocene archaic human crania from Xuchang,China.Science,2017,355:969-72
[38]Qiu J.How China is rewriting the book on human origins.Nature,2016,535:218-20
[2]Wilson AC,Cann RL.The recent African genesis of humans.Sci Am,1992,266:68-73
[3]Watson JD,Crick FHC.A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid.Nature,1953,171:737-8
[4]Sarich VM,Wilson AC.Immunological time scale for hominid evolution.Science,1967,158:1200-3
[5]Stringer CB,Andrews P.Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans.Science,1988,239:1263-8
[6]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondrial DNAand human evolution.Nature,1987,325:31-6
[7]全国科学技术名词审定委员会.《古生物学名词》[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2009
[8]Higuchi R,Bowman B,Freiberger M,et al.DNAsequences from the quagga,an extinct member of the horse family.Nature,1984,312:282-4
[9]P??bo S.Molecular genetic investigations of ancient human remains.Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol,1986,51:441-6
[10]Slatkin M,Racimo F.Ancient DNA and human history.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2016,113:6380-7
[11]Krings M,Stone A,Schmitz RW,et al.Neandertal DNAsequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell,1997,90:19-30
[12]Briggs AW,Good JM,Green RE,et al.Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neandertal mtDNA genomes.Science,2009,325:318-21
[13]Wall JD,Hammer MF.Archaic admixture in the human genome.Curr Opin Genet Dev,2006,16:606-10
[14]Green RE,Krause J,Briggs AW,et al.A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome.Science,2010,328:710-22
[15]Prüfer K,Racimo F,Patterson N,et al.The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains.Nature,2014,505:43-9
[16]Lohse K,Frantz LA.Neandertal admixture in Eurasia confirmed by maximum-likelihood analysis of three genomes.Genetics,2014,196:1241-51
[17]Prüfer K,De FC,Grote S,et al.A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia.Science,2017,358:655-8
[18]Vernot B,Akey JM.Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes.Science,2014,343:1017-21
[19]Slon V,Viola B,Renaud G,et al.A fourth Denisovan individual.Sci Adv,2017,3:e1700186
[20]Krause J,Fu Q,Good JM,et al.The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia.Nature,2010,464:894-7
[21]Reich D,Green RE,Kircher M,et al.Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.Nature,2010,468:1053-60
[22]Reich D,Patterson N,Kircher M,et al.Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania.Am J Hum Genet,2011,89:516-28
[23]Cooper A,Stringer CB.Did the Denisovans cross Wallace's Line?Science,2013,342:321-3
[24]Fu Q,Meyer M,Gao X,et al.DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave,China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2013,110:2223-7
[25]Skoglund P,Jakobsson M.Archaic human ancestry in East Asia.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108:18301-6
[26]Wall JD,Yang MA,Jay F,et al.Higher levels of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans.Genetics,2013,194:199-209
[27]Meyer M,Arsuaga JL,De FC,et al.Nuclear DNAsequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins.Nature,2016,531:504-7
[28]Slon V,Mafessoni F,Vernot B,et al.The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father.Nature,2018,561:113-6
[29]Shang H,Tong H,Zhang S,et al.An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave,Zhoukoudian,China.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104:6573-8
[30]Yang MA,Gao X,Theunert C,et al.40,000-year-old individual from Asia provides insight into early population structure in Eurasia.Curr Biol,2017,27:3202-8
[31]Allentoft ME,Collins M,Harker D,et al.The half-life of DNA in bone:measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils.Proc R Soc B,2012,279:4724-33
[32]Duarte C,Maurício J,Pettitt PB,et al.The early upper paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho(Portugal)and modern human emergence in Iberia.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999,96:7604-9
[33]Trinkaus E,Moldovan O,Milota S,et al.An early modern human from the Pestera cu Oase,Romania.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100:11231-6
[34]Fu Q,Li H,Moorjani P,et al.Genome sequence of a45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia.Nature,2014,514:445-9
[35]Sriram S,Nick P,Li H,et al.The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans.PLoS Genet,2012,8:e1002947
[36]吴新智.中国和欧洲早期智人的比较研究.人类学学报,1988,7:287-93
[37]Li ZY,Wu XJ,Zhou LP,et al.Late pleistocene archaic human crania from Xuchang,China.Science,2017,355:969-72
[38]Qiu J.How China is rewriting the book on human origins.Nature,2016,535:218-20