基于大数据分析的城市旅游地网络结构特征及其演化模式——以新浪微博签到数据为例
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摘要
流动性表征了旅游地域系统要素间的内在关系,深刻影响着旅游地域网络结构的演变过程和方向。借助新浪微博爬虫技术,探讨了城市旅游地的网络结构特征,测度了旅游地节点的对外联系强度,提炼了复杂网络结构的演化模式。结果表明:①从旅游地的等级结构来看,形成了以北京和上海为核心的全国性中心城市,核心城市凭借自身的旅游集聚和吸引功能,扩大了对周边城市的旅游影响,网络化的复杂程度逐步加深。②从旅游地节点的层级结构来看,复杂化网络形态愈加明显,旅游地节点呈现明显的点状式分布态势,以北京、上海、广州为核心的旅游地域网络结构基本形成。③通过对比网络演化的过程表明,单中心发育模式由在一定时期内占据主导,逐渐转向以北京、上海、广州为核心的多地域、多中心的发展模式,核心城市的主导地位更加突显。与此同时,以成都和重庆为中心的区域性双核心空间结构发育模式表现突出,形成了以多中心发育模式和区域性双核心结构模式共存的局面。以上研究无疑为新流动性范式下重新认知和揭示复杂旅游网络体系特征及其对节点、网络、结构、空间的互动关系的深刻解读,提供了一次有益的理论尝试。
The movement demonstrates the internal association among the elements of the tourism regional system, and profoundly influences the course of evolution and the direction of the network structure in tourism zones. Using the data from the Sina weibo sign-in together with the perception of the city tourism destination node, this study examines how diverse levels of network nodes disseminate in the space-dimension and its hierarchical structure characteristics in the network. Then, through measurement of the external connection intensity of the nodes and its degree of association within various cities, the study discloses and extracts the evolution process of the network configuration in tourism areas. Results are as follows:(1)From the point of the city's hierarchical configuration, it creates several national center cities that consider Beijing and Shanghai as the core. Depending on the strength of tourism collection and tourist attraction in core cities, the adjacent towns develop their tourist market. Slowly, the nodes are enclosed in an increasing number of cities. Thus, the complexity level of the system deepened.(2) From the assessment of node hierarchy of the entire system, most nodes exhibit dotted distribution situation. The major cities play a major part in the core of the network system, which creates the tourism network space organization with cities such as Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou as the core. Hence, these cities become an essential growth ladder of tourism improvement in China.(3) The comparison of network structure course of evolution in two distinct years demonstrates that the sole center development pattern prevails in a period,which slowly turns into the development mode of multiregional and multi-center with the cities of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou as the core, wherein the principal position of the core cities is further emphasized. Meanwhile, the development mode of dual-core space structure,with Chengdu and Chongqing as the core cities, dominates. Thereby, it presents the synchronized condition of multi-center development mode and dual-core structure mode. This research offers a theoretical struggle for rediscovering and revealing the extent and profoundness of tourism activities and deep analysis of interactive relations among the node,network, structure, and space under the new flow model.
The movement demonstrates the internal association among the elements of the tourism regional system, and profoundly influences the course of evolution and the direction of the network structure in tourism zones. Using the data from the Sina weibo sign-in together with the perception of the city tourism destination node, this study examines how diverse levels of network nodes disseminate in the space-dimension and its hierarchical structure characteristics in the network. Then, through measurement of the external connection intensity of the nodes and its degree of association within various cities, the study discloses and extracts the evolution process of the network configuration in tourism areas. Results are as follows:(1)From the point of the city's hierarchical configuration, it creates several national center cities that consider Beijing and Shanghai as the core. Depending on the strength of tourism collection and tourist attraction in core cities, the adjacent towns develop their tourist market. Slowly, the nodes are enclosed in an increasing number of cities. Thus, the complexity level of the system deepened.(2) From the assessment of node hierarchy of the entire system, most nodes exhibit dotted distribution situation. The major cities play a major part in the core of the network system, which creates the tourism network space organization with cities such as Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou as the core. Hence, these cities become an essential growth ladder of tourism improvement in China.(3) The comparison of network structure course of evolution in two distinct years demonstrates that the sole center development pattern prevails in a period,which slowly turns into the development mode of multiregional and multi-center with the cities of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou as the core, wherein the principal position of the core cities is further emphasized. Meanwhile, the development mode of dual-core space structure,with Chengdu and Chongqing as the core cities, dominates. Thereby, it presents the synchronized condition of multi-center development mode and dual-core structure mode. This research offers a theoretical struggle for rediscovering and revealing the extent and profoundness of tourism activities and deep analysis of interactive relations among the node,network, structure, and space under the new flow model.
引文
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[20]王姣娥,景悦.中国城市网络等级结构特征及组织模式:基于铁路和航空流的比较.地理学报,2017,72(8):1508-1591.[Wang Jiaoe,Jing Yue.Comparison of spatial structure and organization mode of inter-city networks from the perspective of railway and sir passenger flow.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(8):1508-159.
[21]钟业喜,陆玉麒.基于铁路网络的城市等级体系与分布格局.地理研究,2011,30(5):785-794.[Zhong Yexi,Lu Yuqi.Hierachical structure and distribution pattern of Chinese urban system based on railway network.Geographical Research,2011,30(5):785-794.]
[22]刘大均,胡静,程邵文,等.中国旅游微博空间分布格局及影响因素:以新浪旅游微博为例.地理科学,2015,35(6):717-724.[Liu Dajun,Hu Jing,Cheng Shaowen,et al.Spatial pattern and influencing factors of tourism micro-blogs in China:A case of tourism sina micro-blogs.Scientia Geographical Sinica,2015,35(6):717-724.]
[23]Allen S M,Chorley M J,Colombo G B,et al.Opportunistic social dissemination of micro-blogs.Ad Hoc Networks,2012,10(8):1570-1585.
[24]Sigala M,Chalkiti K.Investigating the exploitation of web for knowledge management in the Greek tourism industry:An utilization-importance analysis.Computers in Human Behavior,2014,30(2):800-817.
[25]王波,甄峰,席广亮,等.基于微博用户关系的网络信息地理研究:以新浪微博为例.地理研究,2013,32(2):380-391.[Wang Bo,Zhen Feng,Xi Guangliang,et al.A study of cybergeography based on micro-blog users relationship:With a case of Sina micro-blog.Geographical Research,2013,32(2):380-391.]
[26]王波,甄峰.网络社区交流中距离的作用:以新浪微博为例.地理科学进展,2016,35(8):983-989.[Wang Bo,Zhen Feng.The role of distance in online social networks:A case study of Sina micro-blog.Progress in Geography,2016,35(8):983-989.]
[27]甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例.地理学报,2012,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo,Chen Yingxue.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of sina micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1031-1043.]
[28]Taylor P J.Specification of the world city network.Geographical Analysis,2001,33(2):181-194.
[2]Scott N,Chris C,Rodolfo B.Destination networks:Four Australian cases.Annals of Tourism Reasearch,2008,35(4):169-188.
[3]Sang H L,Jin Y C,Swung H Y,et al.Evaluating spatial centrality for integrated tourism management in rural areas using GIS and network analysis.Tourism Management,2013,34(2):14-24.
[4]杨国良,张捷,艾南山,等.旅游流齐夫结构及空间差异化特征:以四川省为例.地理学报,2006,61(12):1281-1289.[Yang Guoliang,Zhang Jie,Ai Nanshan,et al.Zif structure and difference degree of tourist flow size system:A case study of Sichuan provience.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(12):1281-1289.]
[5]杨兴柱,顾朝林,王群.南京市旅游流网络结构构建.地理学报,2007,62(6):609-620.[Yang Xingzhu,Gu Chaolin,Wang Qun.Urban tourism flow network structure construction in Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(6):609-620.]
[6]陈超,刘家明,马海涛,等.中国农民跨省旅游网络空间结构研究.地理学报,2013,68(4):547-558.[Chen Chao,Liu Jiaming,Ma Haitao,et al.Spatial network structure of inter-provincial farmer tourist flows in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(4):547-558.]
[7]汪德根,钱佳,牛玉.高铁网络化下中国城市旅游场强空间格局及演化.地理学报,2016,71(10):1784-1800.[Wang Degen,Qian Jia,Niu Yu.Evolution and spatial characteristics of tourism field strength of cities under high speed rail network in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1784-1800.]
[8]Albert N.Centralized decentralization of tourism development:A network perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,2012,40(5):235-259.
[9]Shinh H.Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations:An application of network analysis in tourism.Tourism Management,2006,27(5):1029-1039.
[10]靳诚,徐菁,黄震方,等.南京城市内部景点间游客流动特征分析.地理学报,2014,69(12):1858-1870.[Jin Chen,Xu Jing,Huang Zhenfang,et al.Analyzing the characteristics of tourist flows between the scenic spots in inner city based on tourism strategies:A case study in Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(12):1858-1870.]
[11]刘法建,张捷,陈冬冬.中国入境旅游流网络结构特征及动因研究.地理学报,2010,65(8):1013-1024.[Liu Fajian,Zhang Jie,Chen Dongdong.The characteristics and dynamical factors of Chinese inbound tourist flow network.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(8):1013-1024.]
[12]Bhat S,Milne S.Network effects on cooperation in destination website development.Tourism Management,2008,29(6):1131-1140.
[13]Dredge D.Networks,conflict and collaborative communities.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2006,14(6):562-581.
[14]陈浩,陆林,郑嬗婷,等.基于旅游流的城市群旅游地旅游空间网络结构分析:以珠江三角洲城市群为例.地理学报,2011,66(2):257-266.[Chen Hao,Lu Lin,Zhang Shanting,et al.The spatial network structure of the tourism destinations in Urban agglomerations based on tourist flow:A case study of Pearl River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):257-266.]
[15]王兆峰.入境旅游流与航空运输网络协同演化及差异分析:以西南地区为例.地理研究,2012,31(7):1328-1338.[Wang Zhaofeng.C0-evolution and disparities between inbound tourism flow and air transport network in Southwest China.Geographical Research,2012,31(7):1328-1338.]
[16]Albert N.Centralized decentralization of tourism development:A network perspective.Annals of Tourism Reasearch,2012,40(5):235-259.
[17]Shinh H.Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations:An application of network analysis in tourism.Tourism Management,2015,27(5):1029-1039.
[18]吴晋峰,任瑞萍,韩立宁,等.中国航空国际网络结构特征及其对入境旅游的影响.经济地理,2012,32(5):147-152.[Wu Jinfeng,Ren Ruiping,Han Lining,et al.Chinese aviation international network and its impact on inbound tourism.Economic Geography,2012,32(5):147-152.]
[19]孙九霞,周尚意,王宁,等.跨学科聚焦的新领域:流动的时间、空间与社会.地理研究,2016,35(10):1801-1818.[Sun Jiuxia,Zhou Shangyi,Wang Ning,et al.Mobility in geographical research:Time,space and society.Geographical Research,2016,35(10):1801-1818.]
[20]王姣娥,景悦.中国城市网络等级结构特征及组织模式:基于铁路和航空流的比较.地理学报,2017,72(8):1508-1591.[Wang Jiaoe,Jing Yue.Comparison of spatial structure and organization mode of inter-city networks from the perspective of railway and sir passenger flow.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(8):1508-159.
[21]钟业喜,陆玉麒.基于铁路网络的城市等级体系与分布格局.地理研究,2011,30(5):785-794.[Zhong Yexi,Lu Yuqi.Hierachical structure and distribution pattern of Chinese urban system based on railway network.Geographical Research,2011,30(5):785-794.]
[22]刘大均,胡静,程邵文,等.中国旅游微博空间分布格局及影响因素:以新浪旅游微博为例.地理科学,2015,35(6):717-724.[Liu Dajun,Hu Jing,Cheng Shaowen,et al.Spatial pattern and influencing factors of tourism micro-blogs in China:A case of tourism sina micro-blogs.Scientia Geographical Sinica,2015,35(6):717-724.]
[23]Allen S M,Chorley M J,Colombo G B,et al.Opportunistic social dissemination of micro-blogs.Ad Hoc Networks,2012,10(8):1570-1585.
[24]Sigala M,Chalkiti K.Investigating the exploitation of web for knowledge management in the Greek tourism industry:An utilization-importance analysis.Computers in Human Behavior,2014,30(2):800-817.
[25]王波,甄峰,席广亮,等.基于微博用户关系的网络信息地理研究:以新浪微博为例.地理研究,2013,32(2):380-391.[Wang Bo,Zhen Feng,Xi Guangliang,et al.A study of cybergeography based on micro-blog users relationship:With a case of Sina micro-blog.Geographical Research,2013,32(2):380-391.]
[26]王波,甄峰.网络社区交流中距离的作用:以新浪微博为例.地理科学进展,2016,35(8):983-989.[Wang Bo,Zhen Feng.The role of distance in online social networks:A case study of Sina micro-blog.Progress in Geography,2016,35(8):983-989.]
[27]甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例.地理学报,2012,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo,Chen Yingxue.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of sina micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1031-1043.]
[28]Taylor P J.Specification of the world city network.Geographical Analysis,2001,33(2):181-194.