牛粪化肥配施对稻田下渗水氮素流失和水稻氮素积累的影响
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摘要
采用田间小区试验研究了牛粪与化肥不同比例配施[100%化肥(100%CF)、70%化肥+30%牛粪(70%CF+30%MF)、50%化肥+50%牛粪(50%CF+50%MF)、30%化肥+70%牛粪(30%CF+70%MF)]的稻田土壤中20、40、60 cm处下渗水中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的时空变化、氮素下渗流失量和水稻氮素积累特征。结果表明:不同处理的TN、NH_4~+-N和NO3--N流失量以水稻分蘖期较大,氮素流失以NH_4~+-N为主,占TN流失的64.3%～76.7%,后期氮素流失较少;50%CF+50%MF在60 cm处下渗水TN时间间隔加权平均浓度高于上层,其他处理的TN均表现为随土层深度增加而减小。不同处理的氮素流失量中以50%CF+50%MF最高,为23.12 kg·hm-2,显著高于其他处理。水稻产量随牛粪配施量增加而降低,但不同处理之间无显著差异;30%CF+70%MF处理显著降低水稻地上部植株氮素累积量,不利于水稻对氮素的吸收利用。因此,综合考虑水稻产量和氮素流失情况,70%CF+30%MF是值得推荐的最优配比。
Field plot experiments with spatial and temporal variations of total nitrogen(TN), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate nitrogen(NO-3-N)in paddy soil at 20, 40 cm, and 60 cm of infiltration water were used to study nitrogen leachate loss and nitrogen accumulation in rice using four different proportions of cow manure and chemical fertilizer. The results showed that the loss of TN, NH_4~+-N, and NO-3-N in all treatments was greater during the tillering stage of rice, in which NH_4~+-N contributed to the greatest nitrogen loss, accounting for64.3%～76.7% of TN loss. Less nitrogen loss occurred during the later growing period. The TN time-interval weighted average concentration of infiltration water at 60 cm was higher than that of upper layers at 50%CF+50%MF, whereas all other treatments showed a decrease with increasing depth. Nitrogen loss was highest for the 50%CF+50%MF treatment at 23.12 kg·hm-2, which was significantly higher than other treatments. Rice yield decreased with an increase of cow manure fertilization but there was no significant difference between the four treatments. The 30%CF+70%MF treatment significantly reduced nitrogen accumulation in rice aboveground, which was not conducive to the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice. Therefore, considering the rice yield and nitrogen loss, 70%CF+30%MF is recommended as the optimal fertilizer and cow manure fertilization ratio.
Field plot experiments with spatial and temporal variations of total nitrogen(TN), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate nitrogen(NO-3-N)in paddy soil at 20, 40 cm, and 60 cm of infiltration water were used to study nitrogen leachate loss and nitrogen accumulation in rice using four different proportions of cow manure and chemical fertilizer. The results showed that the loss of TN, NH_4~+-N, and NO-3-N in all treatments was greater during the tillering stage of rice, in which NH_4~+-N contributed to the greatest nitrogen loss, accounting for64.3%～76.7% of TN loss. Less nitrogen loss occurred during the later growing period. The TN time-interval weighted average concentration of infiltration water at 60 cm was higher than that of upper layers at 50%CF+50%MF, whereas all other treatments showed a decrease with increasing depth. Nitrogen loss was highest for the 50%CF+50%MF treatment at 23.12 kg·hm-2, which was significantly higher than other treatments. Rice yield decreased with an increase of cow manure fertilization but there was no significant difference between the four treatments. The 30%CF+70%MF treatment significantly reduced nitrogen accumulation in rice aboveground, which was not conducive to the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice. Therefore, considering the rice yield and nitrogen loss, 70%CF+30%MF is recommended as the optimal fertilizer and cow manure fertilization ratio.
引文
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[2]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响[J].土壤学报, 2016, 53(2):292-304.WANG Jing, CHENG Yi, CAI Zu-cong, et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(2):292-304.
[3]李娟.不同施肥处理对稻田氮磷流失风险及水稻产量的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2016.LI Juan. Effects of different fertilization treatments on rice yield and the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from paddy field[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2016.
[4]李卫华,范平,黄东风,等.稻田氮磷面源污染现状、损失途径及其防治措施研究[J].江西农业学报, 2011, 23(8):118-123.LI Wei-hua, FAN Ping, HUANG Dong-feng, et al. Studies on plant source pollution situation, loss ways of nitrogen and phosphorus in rice paddy and prevention measures[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2011, 23(8):118-123.
[5]谢光辉,包维卿,刘继军,等.中国畜禽粪便资源研究现状述评[J].中国农业大学学报, 2018, 23(4):75-87.XIE Guang-hui, BAO Wei-qing, LIU Ji-jun, et al. An overview of researches on livestock and poultry excreta resource in China[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2018, 23(4):75-87.
[6]张鸣,高天鹏,李昂,等.畜禽粪肥与化肥配施对春小麦产量和养分吸收利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2014, 34(2):216-221.ZHANG Ming, GAO Tian-peng, LI Ang, et al. Effects of different combinations of animal manures and chemical fertilizer on yield, nutrient uptake and utilization of spring wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014, 34(2):216-221.
[7]袁颖红.长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素形态的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(16):8550-8553.YUAN Ying-hong. Effects of long-term different fertilizations on nitrogen in red paddy soil[J]. Journal of Anhui Agri Sci, 2010, 38(16):8550-8553.
[8]叶静,安藤丰,符建荣,等.不同有机肥对土壤中的氮素矿化及对化肥氮固持的影响[J].浙江农业学报, 2008, 20(3):176-180.YE Jing, AN Teng-feng, FU Jian-rong, et al. Effects of different organic manures on N mineralization and N retention in the soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2008, 20(3):176-180.
[9] Han K H, Choi W J, Han G H, et al. Urea-nitrogen transformation and compost-nitrogen mineralization in there different soils as affected by the interaction between both nitrogen inputs[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2004, 39(3):193-199.
[10] Hooda P S, Edwards A C, Anderson H A, et al. A review of water quality concerns in livestock farming areas[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 250:143-167.
[11]叶玉适,梁新强,周柯锦,等.节水灌溉与控释肥施用对太湖地区稻田土壤氮素渗漏流失的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2015, 35(1):270-279.YE Yu-shi, LIANG Xin-qiang, ZHOU Ke-jin, et al. Effects of watersaving irrigation and controlled-release fertilizer application on nitrogen leaching loss of paddy soil in Taihu Lake region[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2015, 35(1):270-279.
[12]陆敏,刘敏,茅国芳,等.大田条件下稻田土壤氮素淋失研究[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2006(4):71-77.LU Min, LIU Min, MAO Guo-fang, et al. Study on nitrogen leaching of paddy soil in the field experiments[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2006(4):71-77.
[13]欧杨虹,徐阳春,沈其荣.有机氮部分替代无机氮对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].江苏农业学报, 2009, 25(1):106-111.OU Yang-hong, XU Yang-chun, SHEN Qi-rong. Effect of combined use of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009,25(1):106-111.
[14]周卫军,王凯荣,张光远,等.有机与无机肥配合对红壤稻田系统生产力及其土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2002, 35(9):1109-1113.ZHOU Wei-jun, WANG Kai-rong, ZHANG Guang-yuan, et al. Effects of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation on productivity and soil fertility of rice cropping system in red soil area of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2002, 35(9):1109-1113.
[15]焦军霞,杨文,李裕元,等.有机肥化肥配施对红壤丘陵区稻田土壤氮淋失特征的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(6):1159-1166.JIAO Jun-xia, YANG Wen, LI Yu-yuan, et al. Impact of combined manure and chemical fertilization on nitrogen leaching from paddy field in red earth hilly area of China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(6):1159-1166.
[16]刘红江,蒋华伟,孙国峰,等.有机-无机肥不同配施比例对水稻氮素吸收利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2017(5):61-66.LIU Hong-jiang, JIANG Hua-wei, SUN Guo-feng, et al. Effect of different organic-inorganic fertilizers combination ratio on nitrogen use efficiency of rice[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017(5):61-66.
[17]王吉苹,朱木兰,李青松.农田土壤氮素渗漏淋失研究进展[J].四川环境, 2014, 33(6):118-125.WANG Ji-ping, ZHU Mu-lan, LI Qing-song. Research progress of nitrogen leaching in farmland soil[J]. Sichuan Environment, 2014, 33(6):118-125.
[18]付海丽.牛粪与化肥配施对侧柏根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].生物灾害科学, 2014, 37(2):134-139.FU Hai-li. Effect of cattle manure co-applied with inorganic fertilizer on microorganism population and enzyme activtiy in the rhizosphere soil of Platycladus orientalis[J]. Biological Disaster Science, 2014, 37(2):134-139.
[19] Bittman S, Forge T A, Kowalenko C G. Responses of the bacterial and fungal biomass in a grassland soil to multi-year applications of dairy manure slurry and fertilizer[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005,37(4):613-623.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农业化学分析[M].三版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil and agro-chemistry analysis[M]. 3rd Edition. Beijing:China Agricultural Press, 2000.
[21] Zhao X, Zhou Y, Min J, et al. Nitrogen runoff dominates water nitrogen pollution from rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake region of China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2012, 156(4):1-11.
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