哥斯达黎加国家公园管理精髓解析
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摘要
哥斯达黎加以其在生物多样性保护和可持续旅游发展等方面所取得的丰富成果而受到IUCN、WWF等国际组织的广泛关注和高度评价。国家公园是哥斯达黎加自然保护地体系中承担保护和游憩功能的主要载体。科学有效的管理为哥斯达黎加国家公园的功能发挥提供了有力保障,具有较高的示范意义和参考价值。文中介绍了哥斯达黎加国家公园建设概况,在对其国家公园管理体系梳理的基础上,提炼了制度化、精细化和公众化等管理精髓,并解析了管理框架、法律法规体系、顶层设计、科学管理系列研究、公众参与和志愿者管理机制等管理核心内容与关键技术,以期为我国国家公园建设和管理提供借鉴。
Costa Rica has been widely recognized by international organizations such as the IUCN and WWF for its bountiful achievements in biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism development.National parks are the main part to play the conservation and recreation functions/services in its protected site system.Scientific and effective management ensures them providing services appropriately, which has a high demonstration significance and reference value.This paper introduced the general situation of national parks in Costa Rica, summarized the three management characteristics including institutionalization, elaboration and public-engagement on the basis of the analysis of its national park management system, and discussed the core contents and key technologies of management such as management framework, legislative and regulatory system, top-level design, evidence-based research on management, public participation and volunteer management.The purpose of this study is to provide references for the construction and management of national parks in China.
Costa Rica has been widely recognized by international organizations such as the IUCN and WWF for its bountiful achievements in biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism development.National parks are the main part to play the conservation and recreation functions/services in its protected site system.Scientific and effective management ensures them providing services appropriately, which has a high demonstration significance and reference value.This paper introduced the general situation of national parks in Costa Rica, summarized the three management characteristics including institutionalization, elaboration and public-engagement on the basis of the analysis of its national park management system, and discussed the core contents and key technologies of management such as management framework, legislative and regulatory system, top-level design, evidence-based research on management, public participation and volunteer management.The purpose of this study is to provide references for the construction and management of national parks in China.
引文
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[16]汪松.哥斯达黎加的国家公园和自然保护区[J].动物学杂志,1980(1):49-50.
[17]朱小静, RODRíGUEZ C M,张红霄,等.哥斯达黎加森林生态服务补偿机制演进及启示[J].世界林业研究,2012,25(6):69-75.
[2]杨锐.美国国家公园规划体系评述[J].中国园林,2003,19(1):45-48.
[3]朱里莹,徐姗,兰思仁.国家公园理念的全球扩展与演化[J].中国园林,2016,32(7):36-40.
[4]钟林生,邓羽,陈田,等.新地域空间:国家公园体制构建方案讨论[J].中国科学院院刊,2016,31(1):126-133.
[5]徐菲菲, FOX D.英美国家公园体制比较及启示[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(6):5-8.
[6]王应临,杨锐,埃卡特,等.英国国家公园管理体系评述[J].中国园林,2013,29(9):11-19.
[7]刘红纯.世界主要国家国家公园立法和管理启示[J].中国园林,2015,31(11):73-77.
[8]黄颖利,隋婷,宁哲.德国国家公园管理质量评估标准[J].世界林业研究,2017,30(5):80-83.
[9]许浩.日本国立公园发展、体系与特点[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(6):69-74.
[10]HONEY M . Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise [M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 2008: 15-20.
[11]MENKHAUS S, LOBER D J. International ecotourism and the valuation of tropical rainforests in Costa Rica [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 1996, 47(1):1-10.
[12]World Tourism Organization. UNWTO tourism highlights 2018 edition[R]. Madrid: UNWTO, 2018:16-17.
[13]UNEP—WCMC, IUCN, NGS. Protected planet report 2018[R].Cambridge, Gland, Washington DC:UNEP-WCMC, IUCN NGS,2018:18-19.
[14]HAMIS S A. Comments on the application of the holdridge system for classification of world life zones as applied to Costa Rica[J]. Arctic and Alpine Research,1973,5 (3): A187–A191.
[15]The Costa Rican Tourist Board. The national parks of Costa Rica[EB/OL]. (2018-12-01) [2018-12-25]. http://www.travelcostarica.nu/nationalparks.
[16]汪松.哥斯达黎加的国家公园和自然保护区[J].动物学杂志,1980(1):49-50.
[17]朱小静, RODRíGUEZ C M,张红霄,等.哥斯达黎加森林生态服务补偿机制演进及启示[J].世界林业研究,2012,25(6):69-75.