赣江流域淡水贝类物种多样性及评估
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摘要
2016～2017年分4个季节对赣江流域的淡水贝类进行了系统调查,分析了赣江流域淡水贝类的物种组成、分布、区系相似性和物种受威胁因素,并提出相应保护对策。调查记录共记录淡水贝类2纲14科29属62种,包括江西螺类一新纪录种——卵圆仿雕石螺,其中腹足纲11科16属29种,双壳纲3科13属33种。中国特有种27种,分别为腹足纲6种,双壳纲21种;濒危物种23种,分别为腹足纲4种,双壳纲19种。从物种出现率看,河蚬、淡水壳菜、圆顶珠蚌、背角无齿蚌、铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、小管福寿螺为赣江流域的广布种。从区系相似性分析看,赣江干流和支流的淡水贝类分布差异较大,干流物种数明显高于支流。赣江流域淡水贝类资源受到人为活动(特别是挖沙作业、水体污染和过度捕捞)影响明显下降,应引起关注并加强保护。
Species composition, distribution, fauna similarity and threatened factors of freshwater molluscks in the Gan River Basin were analyzed based on the systematic investigation from 2016 to 2017. In addition, we also provided some strategies to protect freshwater molluscks. The results showed that 62 species of freshwater molluscks were identified, belonged to 29 genera, 14 families and 2 classes, and included a new record species-Lithoglyphopsis ovatus. Among which that 29 species belonged to 16 genera and 11 families of Gastropoda, 33 species belonged to 13 genera and 3 families of Bivalvia. There were 27 endemic species to China(Gastropoda had 6 species and Bivalvia had 21 species), and 23 threatened species to China(Gastropoda had 4 species and Bivalvia had 19 species). From the frequency of occurrence of species, Corbicula fluminea, Limnoperna lacustris, Unio douglasiae, Anodonta woodiana woodiana, Bellamya aeruginosa, Bellamya purificata and Pomacea canaliculata were widely distributed in the Gan River Basin. From the perspective of fauna similarity analysis, distribution of freshwater molluscks between the main stem and tributary of the Gan River Basin was significantly different, and species richness of the main stem was higher than tributary. Due to the effect of human activities, especially sand mining, water pollution and overharvesting, freshwater molluscks resources in the Gan River Basin had declined rapidly, which should attract much attention and strengthen protection.
Species composition, distribution, fauna similarity and threatened factors of freshwater molluscks in the Gan River Basin were analyzed based on the systematic investigation from 2016 to 2017. In addition, we also provided some strategies to protect freshwater molluscks. The results showed that 62 species of freshwater molluscks were identified, belonged to 29 genera, 14 families and 2 classes, and included a new record species-Lithoglyphopsis ovatus. Among which that 29 species belonged to 16 genera and 11 families of Gastropoda, 33 species belonged to 13 genera and 3 families of Bivalvia. There were 27 endemic species to China(Gastropoda had 6 species and Bivalvia had 21 species), and 23 threatened species to China(Gastropoda had 4 species and Bivalvia had 19 species). From the frequency of occurrence of species, Corbicula fluminea, Limnoperna lacustris, Unio douglasiae, Anodonta woodiana woodiana, Bellamya aeruginosa, Bellamya purificata and Pomacea canaliculata were widely distributed in the Gan River Basin. From the perspective of fauna similarity analysis, distribution of freshwater molluscks between the main stem and tributary of the Gan River Basin was significantly different, and species richness of the main stem was higher than tributary. Due to the effect of human activities, especially sand mining, water pollution and overharvesting, freshwater molluscks resources in the Gan River Basin had declined rapidly, which should attract much attention and strengthen protection.
引文
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[12] 熊六凤,欧阳珊,陈堂华,等.鄱阳湖区淡水蚌类多样性格局[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2011,35(3):288-295.XIONG L F,OUYANG S,CHEN T H,et al.Diversity patterns of freshwater mussels in Poyang lake area[J].Journal of Nanchang University,2011,35(3):288-295.
[13] 肖晋志,刘息冕,刘益搏,等.江西赣江中下游淡水双壳类分布与丰度[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(11):1330-1335.XIAO J Z,LIU X M,LIU Y B,et al.Distribution and abundance of freshwater mussels along the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River,Jiangxi[J].Resources & Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(11):1330-1335.
[14] 张铭华,徐亮,谢广龙,等.鄱阳湖流域淡水贝类物种多样性、分布与保护[J].海洋科学,2013,37(8):114-124.ZHANG M H,XU L,XIE G L,et al.Species diversity,distribution and conservation of freshwater mollusk in Poyang Lake basin[J].Marine Sciences,2013,37(8):114-124.
[15] 方红亚,张方方,张萌,等.赣江流域袁河底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(4):2254-2257.FANG H Y,ZHANG F F,ZHANG M,et al.Community Structure of Macrozoobenthos and Biological Evaluation of Water Quality in Yuanhe River of Ganjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(4):2254-2257.
[16] 丁建华,杨威,金显文,等.赣江下游流域大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(4):593-599.DING J H,YANG W,JIN X W,et al.Community structure of macrozoobenthos and biological evaluation of water quality in the lower reaches of Ganjiang River[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(4):593-599.
[17] 余飞,丁国际,郑乐平,等.赣江上游流域丰水期大型底栖动物群落的分布特征[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,18(4):419-424.YU F,DING G J,ZHENG L P,et al.Distribution characteristics of macrobenthos in wet season in Upper Ganjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Shanghai University,2012,18(4):419-424.
[18] 熊小群.江西水系[M].武汉:长江出版社,2007.Xiong X Q.Water system of Jiangxi Province[M].Wuhan:Yangtze Press,2007.
[19] 吴小平,梁彦龄,王洪铸,等.长江中下游湖泊淡水贝类的分布及物种多样性[J].湖泊科学,2000,12(2):111-118.WU X P,LIANG Y L,WANG H Z,et al.Distrbution and species diversity of freshwater mollosca of lakes along mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2000,12(2):111-118.
[20] STRAYER D L.Freshwater Mussel Ecology:A Multifactor Approach to Distribution and Abundance[M].University of California Press,2008.
[21] JONES J,HAYNES G B,EATON J,et al.Do submerged aquatic plants influence their periphyton to enhance the growth and reproduction of invertebrate mutualists [J].Oecologia,1999,120(3):463-474.
[22] NAGAYAMA S,HARADA M,KAYABA Y.Distribution and microhabitats of freshwater mussels in waterbodies in the terrestrialized floodplains of a lowland river[J].Limnology,2016,17(3):1-10.
[23] GEIST J.Strategies for the conservation of endangered freshwater pearl mussels(Margaritifera margaritifera L):A synthesis of conservation genetics and ecology[J].Hydrobiologia,2010,644(1):69-88.
[24] ZIERITZ A,LOPESLIMA M,BOGAN A E,et al.Factors driving changes in freshwater mussel(Bivalvia,Unionida) diversity and distribution in Peninsular Malaysia[J].Science of the Total Environment.2016,571:1069-1078.
[25] CAMPBELL C A,PRESTEGAARD K L.Physical and chemical constraints limit the habitat window for an endangered mussel[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,772(1):1-15.
[26] DILLON RT.The ecology of freshwater molluscs[M].Cambridge University Press,2004:229-230.
[27] HEINRICHER J R,LAYZER J B.Reproduction by Individuals of a Nonreproducing Population of Megalonaias nervosa(Mollusca:Unionidae) Following Translocation[J].American Midland Naturalist.2015,141:140-148.
[28] 刘月英,张文珍,王耀先,等.医学贝类学[M].北京:海洋出版社,1993LIU Y Y,ZHANG W Z,WANG Y X,et al.Medical malacology[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.
[29] 周卫川.外来入侵生物福寿螺的风险分析[J].检验检疫科学,2004,14(6):37-39.ZHOU W C.Risk analysis of Pomacea snails[J].Journal of Inspection and Quarantine,2004,14(6):37-39.
[30] LOPES-LIMA M,SOUSA R,GEIST J,et al.Conservation status of freshwater mussels in Europe:State of the art and future challenges[J].Biological Reviews,2017,92(1):572.
[31] DILLON R T.The ecology of freshwater molluscs[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2001,26(2):229-230.
[32] ALDRIDGE D C,MCIVOR A L.Gill evacuation and release of glochidia by Unio pictorum and Unio tumidus(Bivalvia:Unionidae) under thermal and hypoxic stress[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,2003,69(1):55-59.
[33] 欧阳珊,詹诚,陈堂华,等.鄱阳湖大型底栖动物物种多样性及资源现状评价[J].南昌大学学报(工科版),2009,31(1):9-13.OUYANG S,ZHAN C,CHEN T H,et al.Species Diversity and Resource Assessment of Macrozoobenthos in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Nanchang University,2009,31(1):9-13.
[2] BOGAN A E.Global diversity of freshwater mussels(Mollusca,Bivalvia) in freshwater[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,595(1):139-147.
[3] STRONG E E,GARGOMINY O,PONDER W F,et al.Global diversity of gastropods(Gastropoda;Mollusca) in freshwater[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,595(1):149-166.
[4] SPOONER D E,VAUGHN C C.Context-dependent effects of freshwater mussels on stream benthic communities[J].Freshwater Biology,2006,51(6):1016-1024.
[5] VAUGHN C C,NICHOLS S J,SPOONER D E.Community and food web ecology of freshwater mussels[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,2008,27(2):409-423.
[6] 龚志军,谢平,唐汇涓,等.水体富营养化对大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的影响[J].水生生物学报,2001,25(3):210-216.GONG Z J,XIE P,TANG H J,et al.The influence of eutrophication upon community structure and biodiversity of macrozoobenthos[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2001,25(3):210-216.
[7] 王洪铸,王海军,刘学勤,等.实施环境-水文-生态-经济协同管理战略,保护和修复长江湖泊群生态环境[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(3):353-357.WANG H Z,WANG H J,LIU X Q et al.Holistic management strategy:Integrate environmental-Hydrological-Ecological-Economic measures to conserve and rehabilitate the Yangtze lake ecosystems[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(3):353-357.
[8] 舒凤月,王海军,潘保柱,等.长江中下游湖泊贝类物种濒危状况评估[J].水生生物学报,2009,33(6):1051-1058.SHU F Y,WANG H J,PAN B Z,et al.Assessment of species status of mollusca in the mid-lower Yangtze Lakes[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2009,33(6):1051-1058.
[9] 邵美玲,谢志才,叶麟,等.三峡水库蓄水后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落结构的变化[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(1):64-69.SHAO M L,XIE Z C,YE L,et al.Monthly change of community structure of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay after impoundment of three gorges reservoir[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2006,30(1):64-69.
[10] KUMFOR F,HODGES J R,PIGUET O.Invaders versus endemics:alien gastropod species in ancient Lake Ohrid[J].Hydrobiologia,2014,739(1):163-174.
[11] 欧阳珊,祁涛,肖晋志,等.赣江中游及支流的淡水贝类多样性和丰度[J].南昌大学学报(工科版),2011,33(1):1-6.OUYANG S,QI T,XIAO J Z,et al.Species diversity and abundance of freshwater molluscks in the middle reaches of Gan River and the surrounding branches[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Engineering & Technology),2011,33(1):1-6.
[12] 熊六凤,欧阳珊,陈堂华,等.鄱阳湖区淡水蚌类多样性格局[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2011,35(3):288-295.XIONG L F,OUYANG S,CHEN T H,et al.Diversity patterns of freshwater mussels in Poyang lake area[J].Journal of Nanchang University,2011,35(3):288-295.
[13] 肖晋志,刘息冕,刘益搏,等.江西赣江中下游淡水双壳类分布与丰度[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(11):1330-1335.XIAO J Z,LIU X M,LIU Y B,et al.Distribution and abundance of freshwater mussels along the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River,Jiangxi[J].Resources & Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(11):1330-1335.
[14] 张铭华,徐亮,谢广龙,等.鄱阳湖流域淡水贝类物种多样性、分布与保护[J].海洋科学,2013,37(8):114-124.ZHANG M H,XU L,XIE G L,et al.Species diversity,distribution and conservation of freshwater mollusk in Poyang Lake basin[J].Marine Sciences,2013,37(8):114-124.
[15] 方红亚,张方方,张萌,等.赣江流域袁河底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(4):2254-2257.FANG H Y,ZHANG F F,ZHANG M,et al.Community Structure of Macrozoobenthos and Biological Evaluation of Water Quality in Yuanhe River of Ganjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(4):2254-2257.
[16] 丁建华,杨威,金显文,等.赣江下游流域大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(4):593-599.DING J H,YANG W,JIN X W,et al.Community structure of macrozoobenthos and biological evaluation of water quality in the lower reaches of Ganjiang River[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(4):593-599.
[17] 余飞,丁国际,郑乐平,等.赣江上游流域丰水期大型底栖动物群落的分布特征[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,18(4):419-424.YU F,DING G J,ZHENG L P,et al.Distribution characteristics of macrobenthos in wet season in Upper Ganjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Shanghai University,2012,18(4):419-424.
[18] 熊小群.江西水系[M].武汉:长江出版社,2007.Xiong X Q.Water system of Jiangxi Province[M].Wuhan:Yangtze Press,2007.
[19] 吴小平,梁彦龄,王洪铸,等.长江中下游湖泊淡水贝类的分布及物种多样性[J].湖泊科学,2000,12(2):111-118.WU X P,LIANG Y L,WANG H Z,et al.Distrbution and species diversity of freshwater mollosca of lakes along mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2000,12(2):111-118.
[20] STRAYER D L.Freshwater Mussel Ecology:A Multifactor Approach to Distribution and Abundance[M].University of California Press,2008.
[21] JONES J,HAYNES G B,EATON J,et al.Do submerged aquatic plants influence their periphyton to enhance the growth and reproduction of invertebrate mutualists [J].Oecologia,1999,120(3):463-474.
[22] NAGAYAMA S,HARADA M,KAYABA Y.Distribution and microhabitats of freshwater mussels in waterbodies in the terrestrialized floodplains of a lowland river[J].Limnology,2016,17(3):1-10.
[23] GEIST J.Strategies for the conservation of endangered freshwater pearl mussels(Margaritifera margaritifera L):A synthesis of conservation genetics and ecology[J].Hydrobiologia,2010,644(1):69-88.
[24] ZIERITZ A,LOPESLIMA M,BOGAN A E,et al.Factors driving changes in freshwater mussel(Bivalvia,Unionida) diversity and distribution in Peninsular Malaysia[J].Science of the Total Environment.2016,571:1069-1078.
[25] CAMPBELL C A,PRESTEGAARD K L.Physical and chemical constraints limit the habitat window for an endangered mussel[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,772(1):1-15.
[26] DILLON RT.The ecology of freshwater molluscs[M].Cambridge University Press,2004:229-230.
[27] HEINRICHER J R,LAYZER J B.Reproduction by Individuals of a Nonreproducing Population of Megalonaias nervosa(Mollusca:Unionidae) Following Translocation[J].American Midland Naturalist.2015,141:140-148.
[28] 刘月英,张文珍,王耀先,等.医学贝类学[M].北京:海洋出版社,1993LIU Y Y,ZHANG W Z,WANG Y X,et al.Medical malacology[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.
[29] 周卫川.外来入侵生物福寿螺的风险分析[J].检验检疫科学,2004,14(6):37-39.ZHOU W C.Risk analysis of Pomacea snails[J].Journal of Inspection and Quarantine,2004,14(6):37-39.
[30] LOPES-LIMA M,SOUSA R,GEIST J,et al.Conservation status of freshwater mussels in Europe:State of the art and future challenges[J].Biological Reviews,2017,92(1):572.
[31] DILLON R T.The ecology of freshwater molluscs[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2001,26(2):229-230.
[32] ALDRIDGE D C,MCIVOR A L.Gill evacuation and release of glochidia by Unio pictorum and Unio tumidus(Bivalvia:Unionidae) under thermal and hypoxic stress[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,2003,69(1):55-59.
[33] 欧阳珊,詹诚,陈堂华,等.鄱阳湖大型底栖动物物种多样性及资源现状评价[J].南昌大学学报(工科版),2009,31(1):9-13.OUYANG S,ZHAN C,CHEN T H,et al.Species Diversity and Resource Assessment of Macrozoobenthos in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Nanchang University,2009,31(1):9-13.