油气生产过程中套损腐蚀失效与防治技术研究进展
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摘要
随着油气需求的不断增加,井况严酷的油气田相继投入开发,加之强化采油措施的不断应用以及油气井开采年限的不断延长,套管服役工况越来越苛刻,套管损坏(简称"套损")日趋严重,套损井次逐年加速上升,严重影响了油气正常生产,甚至导致油气井报废停产,引起安全和环保风险。腐蚀,尤其是点蚀,是造成套损问题的主要诱因(套损腐蚀井次有的高达19/36),也是影响套管工作可靠性及使用寿命的关键因素。基于此,简述了油气田套损的定义,概述了国内外油气田套损现状,阐述了套损腐蚀失效的形式、特点及其危害,重点从材质和环境(温度、CO_2、H_2S、Cl~-、矿化度等)两方面综述了套损腐蚀机理、主要影响因素及其作用机制、影响权重和因素类别,并针对不同的阶段归结了耐蚀材料、表面技术等相应预防与治理措施,同时对套损的研究关注点及其采用的研究手段进行了展望,以期为有效遏制套管因腐蚀而损坏的增长势头以及保持油气安全、绿色可持续开发提供借鉴和理论依据。
With the increasing demand of oil and gas, some oil and gas fields with severe well conditions are being successively developed. Additionally, the continuous application of strengthening oil production measures and the extended production life of oil and gas wells make the service working conditions of casing be more and more harsh. The phenomenon of casing damage in oil and gas fields(referred to as "Casing Damage") has become increasingly serious, the amount of casing damage wells shows an growth trend, and the normal production of oil and gas has been seriously affected, even leading to oil and gas wells be abandoned and shut down, and causing the risks of safety and environmental protection. Corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, is the main cause of casing damage in oil and gas fields(up to 19/36 in some cases), and also a key factor affecting the reliability and service life of casing. Therefore, the definition of casing damage was briefly described. The present status of casing damage in oil and gas field at home and abroad and the corrosion failure forms, characteristics and harm of casing damage were introduced. The corrosion mechanism casing damage, main influencing factors, action mechanism, weight of each factor and factor categories were mainly summarized from material and environment(temperature, CO_2, H_2S, Cl~-, degree of mineralization, etc.). The corresponding protective and control measures including anti-corrosion materials and surface engineering etc. at different stages were summed up. In addition, the research focus of casing damage and the adopted technology methods were also prospected so as to provide references and theoretical basis for effectively reining the growth momentum of casing damage resulting from corrosion and maintaining the safe, green and sustainable development of oil and gas.
With the increasing demand of oil and gas, some oil and gas fields with severe well conditions are being successively developed. Additionally, the continuous application of strengthening oil production measures and the extended production life of oil and gas wells make the service working conditions of casing be more and more harsh. The phenomenon of casing damage in oil and gas fields(referred to as "Casing Damage") has become increasingly serious, the amount of casing damage wells shows an growth trend, and the normal production of oil and gas has been seriously affected, even leading to oil and gas wells be abandoned and shut down, and causing the risks of safety and environmental protection. Corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, is the main cause of casing damage in oil and gas fields(up to 19/36 in some cases), and also a key factor affecting the reliability and service life of casing. Therefore, the definition of casing damage was briefly described. The present status of casing damage in oil and gas field at home and abroad and the corrosion failure forms, characteristics and harm of casing damage were introduced. The corrosion mechanism casing damage, main influencing factors, action mechanism, weight of each factor and factor categories were mainly summarized from material and environment(temperature, CO_2, H_2S, Cl~-, degree of mineralization, etc.). The corresponding protective and control measures including anti-corrosion materials and surface engineering etc. at different stages were summed up. In addition, the research focus of casing damage and the adopted technology methods were also prospected so as to provide references and theoretical basis for effectively reining the growth momentum of casing damage resulting from corrosion and maintaining the safe, green and sustainable development of oil and gas.
引文
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