不同肥力红壤氮磷渗漏淋失特征及猪粪安全消纳量的研究
|
摘要
本文采用盆栽试验,在自然降雨条件下,监测了不同化肥用量与猪粪梯度用量配施条件下,两种不同肥力红黏土母质红壤在花生-萝卜轮作模式下的氮、磷渗漏淋失特征,土壤养分积累和作物产量变化,据此估算不同肥力红壤的猪粪安全消纳量。结果表明,养分渗漏淋失以NO_3~–-N为主,基本无磷素淋失风险。渗漏水中NO_3~–-N高峰值出现在播种施肥一个月以后,此时表现出随着猪粪用量增加而增加的趋势,其后NO_3~–-N浓度迅速下降且均低于地下水(III类)质量标准限值。在渗漏水NO_3~–-N高峰期,高肥力红壤渗漏水NO_3~–-N浓度一般都显著高于低肥力红壤,在配施化肥和高用量猪粪条件下,容易出现超标风险。猪粪施用容易引起土壤有效磷积累,且高肥力红壤的积累明显高于低肥力红壤,但无机氮积累不明显。随着猪粪用量的增加,低肥力红壤的花生产量一直呈增加的趋势,但高肥力红壤花生产量在猪粪用量达到一定水平后趋于稳定。综合考虑猪粪施用对地下水环境、土壤环境和作物产量的影响,得出在不配施化肥条件下,低肥力与高肥力红黏土红壤的猪粪磷安全消纳量分别为P 400、100 kg/(hm~2·a)(相当于含水量750 g/kg堆腐猪粪91.2、22.8 t/(hm~2·a));在常规化肥用量减半条件下,低肥力和高肥力红壤的猪粪磷安全消纳量分别为P 400、25 kg/(hm~2·a)(相当于含水量750 g/kg堆腐猪粪91.2、5.7 t/(hm~2·a))。在南方红壤地区,猪粪应多施用于低肥力红黏土红壤。
By using a pot experiment under natural rainfall, nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) leaching, nutrient accumulation, and crop yield under peanut-radish rotation in two red clay soils of different fertilities(high and low) which received pig manure at gradient dosages combined with zero, halved or conventional rates of chemical fertilizers were monitored,and thereby safe pig manure digestion capacities of the two red soils were estimated. The results showed that nutrient leaching was dominated by nitrate N and no risk was for P leaching. Nitrate N concentration in leachate peaked about one month after seed sowing and fertilization, increasing with the increase of pig manure application rate, and afterwards declined rapidly below the limit of Class Ⅲ groundwater quality standard of China. In the peak time, nitrate N concentration in leachate was significantly higher in the high-fertility red soil than in the low-fertility one, and the risk of exceeding nitrate N limit was high for the high-fertility red soil under the conditions of high rates of pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizers. The application of pig manure easily led to bioavailable P accumulation in soil, more pronounced in the high-fertility soil, but no significant accumulation for inorganic N in both soils. Peanut yield of the low-fertility red soil increased with the increasing of pig manure application rate, while that of the high-fertility one leveled off over a certain rate of pig manure. Considering all the effects of pig manuring on groundwater(leaching), soil and crop production, it is estimated that the low– and high–fertility red clay soils have safe pig manure digestion capacities of P 400 and 100 kg/(hm~2·a), respectively(equivalent to wet composted pig manure of 91.2 and 22.8 t/(hm~2·a), respectively) under the condition of no chemical fertilizers, and P 400 and 25 kg/(hm~2·a), respectively(equivalent to wet composted pig manure of 91.2 and 5.7 t/(hm~2·a), respectively) under the condition of halved chemical fertilizers. It is advised that pig manure be applied in large part to low–fertility red clay soils in southern regions of China.
By using a pot experiment under natural rainfall, nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) leaching, nutrient accumulation, and crop yield under peanut-radish rotation in two red clay soils of different fertilities(high and low) which received pig manure at gradient dosages combined with zero, halved or conventional rates of chemical fertilizers were monitored,and thereby safe pig manure digestion capacities of the two red soils were estimated. The results showed that nutrient leaching was dominated by nitrate N and no risk was for P leaching. Nitrate N concentration in leachate peaked about one month after seed sowing and fertilization, increasing with the increase of pig manure application rate, and afterwards declined rapidly below the limit of Class Ⅲ groundwater quality standard of China. In the peak time, nitrate N concentration in leachate was significantly higher in the high-fertility red soil than in the low-fertility one, and the risk of exceeding nitrate N limit was high for the high-fertility red soil under the conditions of high rates of pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizers. The application of pig manure easily led to bioavailable P accumulation in soil, more pronounced in the high-fertility soil, but no significant accumulation for inorganic N in both soils. Peanut yield of the low-fertility red soil increased with the increasing of pig manure application rate, while that of the high-fertility one leveled off over a certain rate of pig manure. Considering all the effects of pig manuring on groundwater(leaching), soil and crop production, it is estimated that the low– and high–fertility red clay soils have safe pig manure digestion capacities of P 400 and 100 kg/(hm~2·a), respectively(equivalent to wet composted pig manure of 91.2 and 22.8 t/(hm~2·a), respectively) under the condition of no chemical fertilizers, and P 400 and 25 kg/(hm~2·a), respectively(equivalent to wet composted pig manure of 91.2 and 5.7 t/(hm~2·a), respectively) under the condition of halved chemical fertilizers. It is advised that pig manure be applied in large part to low–fertility red clay soils in southern regions of China.
引文
[1]汪方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算即环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617
[2]江希流,华小梅,张胜田.我国畜禽养殖业的环境污染状况、存在问题与防治建议[J].农业资源与环境学报,2007,24(4):61-64
[3]柳开楼,李大明,黄庆海,等.红壤稻田长期施用猪粪的生态效益及承载力评估[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(2):303-313
[4]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.三种利用方式下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳量[J].土壤通报,2015,46(5):1245-1252
[5]宫亮,安景文,邢月华,等.连年深松和施用有机肥对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(6):1092-1099
[6]关松,窦森,马丽娜,等.长施马粪对暗棕壤团聚体腐殖质数量和质量的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(5):1195-1205
[7]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.中亚热带三种母质发育的红壤对猪粪安全消纳量的初步研究[J].土壤,2015,47(2):414-421
[8]杨奕如,周志高,王兴祥.不同用量猪粪对红壤花生坡地水土流失及磷素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):72-80
[9]潘霞,陈励科,卜元卿,等.畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):518-525
[10]李祖章,谢金防,蔡华东,等.农田土壤承载畜禽粪便能力研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(8):140-145
[11]赵睿,吴智书,罗阳,等.猪粪与农田土壤中重金属累积污染的相关分析[J].土壤,2017,49(4):753-759
[12]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳能力研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(9):1828-1836
[13]易云亮.猪粪施用下稻麦轮作农田土壤磷素形态及其安全消纳量研究[D].四川雅安:四川农业大学,2015:1-48
[14]吴金昕.规模化养牛场有机废弃物农田安全消纳技术研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2013:1-85
[15]Cabrera V E,Jagtap S S,Hildebrand P E.Strategies to limit(minimize)nitrogen leaching on dairy farms driven by seasonal climate forecasts[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2007,122(4):479-489
[16]邵兴芳,申小冉,张建峰,等.外源氮在中、低肥力红壤中的转化与去向研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(2):6-11
[17]纪雄辉,郑圣先,石丽红,等.洞庭湖区不同稻田土壤及施肥对养分淋溶损失的影响[J].土壤学报,2008,45(4):663-670
[18]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:1-638
[19]魏红安,李裕元,杨蕊,等.红壤磷素有效性衰减过程及磷素农学与环境学指标比较研究[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(6):1116-1126
[20]马心灵,朱启林,赵胜利,等.不同种植模式粮田土壤氮素淋失的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2015,46(6):1529-1534
[21]王秀丽,孙波.红壤旱地施用有机肥的氮素淋失过程[J].土壤学报,2008,45(4):745-749.
[22]赵凤亮,邹雨坤,朱治强,等.施用椰壳生物炭对砖红壤氮素淋失和油麦菜吸收利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(S1):400-404
[23]林清火,罗微,林钊沐,等.砖红壤地区旱地土壤肥料养分淋失研究进展[J].热带农业科学,2003,23(1):61-66
[24]曹巧红,龚元石.降水影响冬小麦灌溉农田水分渗漏和氮淋失模拟分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(1):37-42
[25]石薇,王景燕,魏有波,等.水热条件对华西雨屏区柳杉人工林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1431-1437
[26]王帘里,孙波.温度和土壤类型对氮素矿化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):583-591
[27]王平,陈举林.植物氮素吸收过程研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(1):33-35
[28]代文才,高明,王子芳,等.施氮对砖红壤铵态氮淋失特征的影响[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(9):162-167
[29]吴崇书.千岛湖库区农地土壤磷的固定与释放特性的研究[J].土壤通报,2015,46(5):1103-1107
[30]聂敏,肖和艾,廖敦秀,等.亚热带可变电荷土壤磷素淋失临界点及其与土壤特性的关系[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):579-586
[31]王金洲,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.中国农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征的整合分析[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):16-27
[32]赵俊晔,于振文.不同土壤肥力条件下施氮量对小麦氮肥利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):815-822
[33]刘来,黄保健,孙锦,等.大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(2):5-10
[34]陈旸,李忠佩,车玉萍,等.红壤水稻土微生物生物量氮与总氮矿化的关系[J].土壤,2008,40(5):719-724
[35]金发会,李世清,卢红玲,等.石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):2739-2746
[36]刘若萱,贺纪正,张丽梅.稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征[J].环境科学,2014,1(11):4275-4283
[37]王楠,王帅,高强,等.施氮水平对不同肥力土壤微生物学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):148-152
[2]江希流,华小梅,张胜田.我国畜禽养殖业的环境污染状况、存在问题与防治建议[J].农业资源与环境学报,2007,24(4):61-64
[3]柳开楼,李大明,黄庆海,等.红壤稻田长期施用猪粪的生态效益及承载力评估[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(2):303-313
[4]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.三种利用方式下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳量[J].土壤通报,2015,46(5):1245-1252
[5]宫亮,安景文,邢月华,等.连年深松和施用有机肥对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(6):1092-1099
[6]关松,窦森,马丽娜,等.长施马粪对暗棕壤团聚体腐殖质数量和质量的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(5):1195-1205
[7]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.中亚热带三种母质发育的红壤对猪粪安全消纳量的初步研究[J].土壤,2015,47(2):414-421
[8]杨奕如,周志高,王兴祥.不同用量猪粪对红壤花生坡地水土流失及磷素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):72-80
[9]潘霞,陈励科,卜元卿,等.畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):518-525
[10]李祖章,谢金防,蔡华东,等.农田土壤承载畜禽粪便能力研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(8):140-145
[11]赵睿,吴智书,罗阳,等.猪粪与农田土壤中重金属累积污染的相关分析[J].土壤,2017,49(4):753-759
[12]张迪,周志高,杨奕如,等.花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳能力研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(9):1828-1836
[13]易云亮.猪粪施用下稻麦轮作农田土壤磷素形态及其安全消纳量研究[D].四川雅安:四川农业大学,2015:1-48
[14]吴金昕.规模化养牛场有机废弃物农田安全消纳技术研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2013:1-85
[15]Cabrera V E,Jagtap S S,Hildebrand P E.Strategies to limit(minimize)nitrogen leaching on dairy farms driven by seasonal climate forecasts[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2007,122(4):479-489
[16]邵兴芳,申小冉,张建峰,等.外源氮在中、低肥力红壤中的转化与去向研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(2):6-11
[17]纪雄辉,郑圣先,石丽红,等.洞庭湖区不同稻田土壤及施肥对养分淋溶损失的影响[J].土壤学报,2008,45(4):663-670
[18]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:1-638
[19]魏红安,李裕元,杨蕊,等.红壤磷素有效性衰减过程及磷素农学与环境学指标比较研究[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(6):1116-1126
[20]马心灵,朱启林,赵胜利,等.不同种植模式粮田土壤氮素淋失的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2015,46(6):1529-1534
[21]王秀丽,孙波.红壤旱地施用有机肥的氮素淋失过程[J].土壤学报,2008,45(4):745-749.
[22]赵凤亮,邹雨坤,朱治强,等.施用椰壳生物炭对砖红壤氮素淋失和油麦菜吸收利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(S1):400-404
[23]林清火,罗微,林钊沐,等.砖红壤地区旱地土壤肥料养分淋失研究进展[J].热带农业科学,2003,23(1):61-66
[24]曹巧红,龚元石.降水影响冬小麦灌溉农田水分渗漏和氮淋失模拟分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2003,8(1):37-42
[25]石薇,王景燕,魏有波,等.水热条件对华西雨屏区柳杉人工林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1431-1437
[26]王帘里,孙波.温度和土壤类型对氮素矿化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):583-591
[27]王平,陈举林.植物氮素吸收过程研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(1):33-35
[28]代文才,高明,王子芳,等.施氮对砖红壤铵态氮淋失特征的影响[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(9):162-167
[29]吴崇书.千岛湖库区农地土壤磷的固定与释放特性的研究[J].土壤通报,2015,46(5):1103-1107
[30]聂敏,肖和艾,廖敦秀,等.亚热带可变电荷土壤磷素淋失临界点及其与土壤特性的关系[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):579-586
[31]王金洲,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.中国农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征的整合分析[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):16-27
[32]赵俊晔,于振文.不同土壤肥力条件下施氮量对小麦氮肥利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):815-822
[33]刘来,黄保健,孙锦,等.大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(2):5-10
[34]陈旸,李忠佩,车玉萍,等.红壤水稻土微生物生物量氮与总氮矿化的关系[J].土壤,2008,40(5):719-724
[35]金发会,李世清,卢红玲,等.石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):2739-2746
[36]刘若萱,贺纪正,张丽梅.稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征[J].环境科学,2014,1(11):4275-4283
[37]王楠,王帅,高强,等.施氮水平对不同肥力土壤微生物学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):148-152