从权争到辅治:宗族与国家权力关系史之千年嬗变
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摘要
中国早期国家形态为以统治部族为中央、臣服部族为地方的"酋邦式"部落国家,地方部族实行完全的自治,宗族尚未正式形成。西周的全面分封制实现了统治部族对被征服部族的武装殖民,统治部族的贵族宗族组织及其自治制度基本形成,被征服部族原则上不再被允许保有其宗族组织。战国及秦朝,贵族组织及其自治制度暂时被废除。汉代在短暂地恢复了皇族、王族与军功贵族的自治之后,又很快将其废除,开始扶持官僚宗族与文化宗族。魏晋南北朝,士族作为文化贵族的最高形态,其自治权达到鼎盛后开始转衰;官僚宗族的自治权亦通过家庙制度开始崛起。唐代士族的法定自治权被取消,官僚宗族通过家庙制与荫族制进一步发展。晚唐、五代时期的战乱毁灭了士族的族谱乃至肉体,官僚宗族的世系也被完全破坏,宗族自治势力对国家上层政治的威胁被最后解除。宋代开始将原仅适用于贵族、官僚的宗族自治制度下移至普通平民,终于在明代形成了在县政府控制之下,由宗族自治辅助国家官治的农村社会治理模式。
The early state of China was a tribal state with a ruling tribe as the central and surrendered to the tribe. The local tribes were fully self-governed and the clan was not formally formed. The Western Zhou Dynasty's comprehensive system of separation has realized the armed colonization of the ruling tribes to the conquered tribes. The aristocratic clan organizations and their autonomy systems of the ruling tribes have basically taken shape. The conquered tribes are no longer allowed to retain their possessions except for a few of the original upper classes. Its clan organization. In the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty, the aristocratic organization and its system of autonomy were temporarily abolished. After the Han Dynasty briefly restored the autonomy of the royal family, the royal family and the military aristocracy, they quickly re-dismissed them and began to support the bureaucratic clan and cultural clan. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, as a cultural aristocracy, the scholars began to decline after their autonomy reached their peak; the autonomy of the bureaucrats began to rise through the family temple system. The statutory autonomy of the Tang dynasty was abolished, and the bureaucratic clan developed further through the temple system and the Yin system. The wars in the late Tang and Five Dynasties basically eliminated the gentry, and the lineage of the bureaucratic clan was completely destroyed. The threat of the clan autonomy to the upper ego of the country was finally lifted. In the Song Dynasty, the system of autonomous clan, which was only applicable to aristocrats and bureaucrats, was moved to ordinary civilians. Finally, in the Ming Dynasty, a rural social model under the control of the county government and supported by the clan autonomy was established.
The early state of China was a tribal state with a ruling tribe as the central and surrendered to the tribe. The local tribes were fully self-governed and the clan was not formally formed. The Western Zhou Dynasty's comprehensive system of separation has realized the armed colonization of the ruling tribes to the conquered tribes. The aristocratic clan organizations and their autonomy systems of the ruling tribes have basically taken shape. The conquered tribes are no longer allowed to retain their possessions except for a few of the original upper classes. Its clan organization. In the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty, the aristocratic organization and its system of autonomy were temporarily abolished. After the Han Dynasty briefly restored the autonomy of the royal family, the royal family and the military aristocracy, they quickly re-dismissed them and began to support the bureaucratic clan and cultural clan. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, as a cultural aristocracy, the scholars began to decline after their autonomy reached their peak; the autonomy of the bureaucrats began to rise through the family temple system. The statutory autonomy of the Tang dynasty was abolished, and the bureaucratic clan developed further through the temple system and the Yin system. The wars in the late Tang and Five Dynasties basically eliminated the gentry, and the lineage of the bureaucratic clan was completely destroyed. The threat of the clan autonomy to the upper ego of the country was finally lifted. In the Song Dynasty, the system of autonomous clan, which was only applicable to aristocrats and bureaucrats, was moved to ordinary civilians. Finally, in the Ming Dynasty, a rural social model under the control of the county government and supported by the clan autonomy was established.
引文
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[44]范文正公集·义庄规矩.
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[2]两周金文辞大系.
[3]徐鸿修.先秦史研究[M].济南:山东大学出版社,2002:192.
[4]孟子·梁惠王下.
[5]吕氏春秋·贵卒篇.
[6]史记·商君列传.
[7] 徐扬杰.中国家族制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,1992:154.
[8]史记·李斯列传.
[9]史记·始皇本纪.
[10]史记·李斯列传.
[11]唐赞功.吴楚七国之乱与西汉诸侯王国[J].北京师范大学学报,1989:(1):20.
[12]史记·吴王刘濞传.
[13]汉书·高帝纪下.
[14]后汉书·百官志.
[15]汉书·景帝纪.
[16]汉书·百官公卿表.
[17]汉书·诸侯王表.
[18]史记·五宗世家.
[19]常建华.宗族志[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1998:113.
[20]赵翼.陔余丛考·墓祭[M].
[21]赵翼.二十二史札记》“累世经学”条[M].
[22]杨联陞.东汉的豪族[J].清华学报,1936,(3).
[23]刘毓璜.论汉晋南朝的封建庄园制度[J].历史研究,1962,(3);徐扬杰.中国家族制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,1992:197-209.
[24]后汉书·董宣传.
[25]王仲荦.魏晋南北朝史(上册)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1979:142.
[26]抱朴子·吴失篇.
[27]晋书·食货志.
[28]甘怀真.唐代家庙礼制研究[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1991:6.
[29]常建.宗族志[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1998:71.
[30]甘怀真.唐代家庙礼制研究[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1991:28页.
[31]隋书(卷十)礼仪志.
[32]韩升.魏晋隋唐的坞壁和村[J].厦门大学学报(哲社版),1997,(2):100.
[33]具圣姬.两汉魏晋南北朝的坞壁[M].北京:民族出版社,2006:87.
[34]魏书·食货志.
[35]李凭.论北魏宗主督护制[J].晋阳学刊,1986,(1):29.
[36]李凭.再论北魏宗主督护制[J].晋阳学刊,1995,(6):88.
[37]大唐开元礼(卷三)“序例”下.
[38][日]仁井田陞.唐令拾遗“赋役令”二十[M].栗劲,霍存福等,译,长春:长春出版社,1989:614.
[39]徐扬杰.中国家族制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,1992:275.
[40]甘怀真.唐代家庙礼制研究[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1991:93.
[41]宋史·太祖本纪.
[42]司马光.文潞公家庙碑.
[43]新五代史(卷三十六)“义儿传”.
[44]范文正公集·义庄规矩.
[45]常建.明代宗族祠庙祭祖礼制及其演变[J].南开学报,2010,(5):66.
[46]赵翼.陔余丛考(卷32)祠堂[M].北京:中华书局,1963:691.