重新诠释利他价值基础的委托代理理论——一项深圳市社会工作者的调研发现
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摘要
公共选择理论的基本假设公务人员作为代理人往往基于自利立场进行行为选择,在集体行动中往往会因诱因不足导致代理人出现"逆向选择"和"道德风险",是在公共选择理论中关于委托代理关系最重要的发现。深圳市政府为提供更广泛公共服务,采取政府购买社会工作机构的服务形式为弱势群体提供服务,从而形成了类似于委托代理的公共管理关系。本文通过对深圳市社会工作者(以下简称"社工")进行问卷调研,尝试寻找委托代理在社会工作行业的问题。在调查研究中发现,社会工作者的专业价值信念(利他主义价值观)能帮助社工部分克服委托代理情境中的"逆向选择"弊端,但是对于减少"道德风险"的问题却出现较为复杂的情况。
The basic assumption of public choice theory is that public officials as agents often choose based on Egoism. In collective actions,agents often have"adverse selection"and"moral hazard"due to insufficient incentives. The most important discovery in the public choice theory is relationship between Agent and principal. In order to provide more public services,the Shenzhen Municipal Government provides services to vulnerable groups by means of government purchasing services of social work organizations,which forms a public relationship similar to Agent-principal. Through the questionnaire survey of Shenzhen social workers(hereinafter referred to as"social worker"),this paper attempts to find the problem of agents in the social work industry. In the investigation,it is found that the social worker's professional belief(altruism)can help the social worker partially overcome the "adverse selection" in the principal-agent situation,but there are more complicated situations for reducing the "moral hazard".
The basic assumption of public choice theory is that public officials as agents often choose based on Egoism. In collective actions,agents often have"adverse selection"and"moral hazard"due to insufficient incentives. The most important discovery in the public choice theory is relationship between Agent and principal. In order to provide more public services,the Shenzhen Municipal Government provides services to vulnerable groups by means of government purchasing services of social work organizations,which forms a public relationship similar to Agent-principal. Through the questionnaire survey of Shenzhen social workers(hereinafter referred to as"social worker"),this paper attempts to find the problem of agents in the social work industry. In the investigation,it is found that the social worker's professional belief(altruism)can help the social worker partially overcome the "adverse selection" in the principal-agent situation,but there are more complicated situations for reducing the "moral hazard".
引文
《深圳社工流失率22.2%,超出行业警戒线》,http://epaper.oeeee.com/epaper/H/html/2016-02/13/content_10700.htm《深圳市社会工作服务回顾与反思》,http://www.sohu.com/a/192618410_491282
《深圳市民政局、财政委员会关于<政府购买社会工作服务实施办法>》,http://www.ssof.cn/announcement/1000010000000808.html
《中共深圳市委深圳市人民政府关于加强社会工作人才队伍建设推进社会工作发展的意见》深发[2007]18号,http://www.yantian.gov.cn/icatalog/bm/mzj/02/ffg/201611/t20161130_5513657.htm
陈林懋,2016,《社会工作项目中的“稻草人”现象产生机制研究--基于委托代理理论的视角》,重庆大学硕士学位论文。
陈天祥,郑佳斯,2016,《双重委托代理下的政社关系:政府购买社会服务的新解释框架》,《公共管理学报》第十三卷第三期,2016年7月。
林万亿,2013,《当代社会工作:理论与方法》(3版),五南出版社,2013年。
刘有贵,蒋年云,2006,《委托代理理论评述》,《学术界(双月刊)》第116期。
任勇,李晓光,2007,《委托代理了理论:模型、对策及评析》,《经济问题》2007年第7期。
孙健,2015,《我国政府向社会组织购买公共服务研究》,中共广东省委党校硕士学位论文。
理查德·英格拉姆、伊恩·巴伦,2018,《社会工作与替代性创伤:情感卷入的风险与机遇》,《社会建设》第2期。
王光秀,2002,《“政府式”委托代理理论模型的构建》,《管理世界(月刊)》2002年第1期。
吴宗宪,2012,《台南市政府文官公共服务动机与工作满意、工作努力意愿之实证研究-以个人∕组织配适度作为调节变项》,《公共行政学报》第四十三期。
吴宗宪,2014,《公仆所为何来?台南市政府文官公共服务动机影响工作努力意愿之实证研究》,《政策与人力管理》第五卷第一期。
余一鸣,2012,《从个人贪腐到组织腐化的历程探索-Bandura的道德疏离理论为分析架构》,《台湾民主季刊》第九卷第二期。
赵卓,李玖灵,2018,《政府与社会资本合作中的激励机制研究--基于委托代理理论》,《改革与战略》第11期。
Ann E.Tenbrunsel&David M.Messick 1999,"Sanctioning Systems,Decision Frames,and Cooperation",Administrative Science Quarterly 44(4):684-707.
Ann E.Tenbrunsel&KRISTIN SMITH-CROWE 2008,"Ethical Decision-making:Where we’ve been and Where we’re going",The Academy of Management Annals 2(1):545-607.
Bacq,Sophie.Janssen,Frank.Kickul,Jill R2016,"In Pursuit of Blended Value in Social Entrepreneurial Ventures:an Empirical Investigation”Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,23(1):316-332。
C.Schott and J.L.J.Pronk 2013,“Investigating and explaining organizational antecedents of PSM”,The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/2049-3983.htm
Cella Moore et al.2012,“Why Employees do Bad Things:Moral Disengagement and Unethical Organizational Behavior”,Personnel Psychology 65:1-48
Chen,Ying-Ju.Zhao,Xiaojian2013,“Solution Concepts of Principal-Agent Models with Unawareness of Actions”,Games 3(2):508-531
Cvitani,Jak?a.Possama?.Dylan.Touzi,Nizar 2018,“Dynamic Programming Approach to Principal-agent Problems”,Finance and Stochastics 22(1):1-37
Enbrunsel AE,Messick DM 1999,“Sanctioning Systems,Decision Frames,and Cooperation”,Administrative Science Quarterly 44:684-707.
Gini,G.,et al.2015,"The Role of Individual and Collective Moral Disengagement in Peer Aggression and By Standing:a Multilevel Analysis",Abnorm Child Psychol 43(3):441-452.
Hardy,S.A.,et al.(2015,"Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors:Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation."Youth Adolesc 44(8):1542-1554.
Jennifer Kunz&Stefan Linder2012,"Organizational Control and Work Effort-Another Look at the Interplay of Rewards and Motivation",Uropean Accounting Review 21(3):591-621.
Julian Gould-Williams 2003,"The Importance of HR Practices and Workplace Trust in Achieving Superior Performance:a Study of Public-sector Organizations",Ini.J.of Human Resource Management 14(1):28-54
Lalonde,Carole.Adler,Chloé2015,“Information Asymmetry in Process Consultation”,Leadership&Organization Development Journal 36(2):177-211
Leisink,P.and Steijn,B.2009,"Public Service Motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands",International Review of Administrative Science,75(1):35-51.
Leruth,Luc E2009,"Public-Private Cooperation in Infrastructure Development:A Principal-Agent Story of Contingent Liabilities",Fiscal Risks,and Other(Un)pleasant Surprises.Networks and Spatial Economics,vol.12,No.2,223-237.
Liu,B.,et al.2014,"Compassion as the Affective Dimension of Public Service Motivation in a Chinese Context.",Social Behavior and Personality:an international journal 42(2):245-251.
McDonald,Fritz J."Agency and Responsibility",The Journal of Value Inquiry.vol.44(2),199-207.
Nikolova,Milena 2013,"Principals and Agents:An Investigation of Executive Compensation in Human Service Nonprofits",VOLUNTAS:International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 25(3):679-706.
Osofsky,M.J.,et al.2005,"The role of moral disengagement in the execution process.",Law Hum Behavior 29(4):371-393.
Radey,M.and C.R.Figley 2007),"The Social Psychology of Compassion.",Clinical Social Work Journal 35(3):207-214.
Riccardo Viale2011,"Brain reading social action",Int Rev Econ(2011)58:319-336
Sandra L.Robinson,Matthew S.Kraatz Denise,M.Rousseau 1994,"Changing Obligations and The Psychological Contract:A Longitudinal Study",Academy of Management Journal 37(1):137-152.
Slocum-Gori,S.,et al.2013,"Understanding Compassion Satisfaction,Compassion Fatigue and Burnout:a survey of the hospice palliative care workforce.",Palliat Med 27(2):172-178.
Steve King,Jr.and Michael J.Holosko 2012,"The Development and Initial Validation of the Empathy Scale for Social Workers",Research on Social Work Practice 22(2)174-185.
Wagaman,M.A.,et al.2015,"The Role of Empathy in Burnout,Compassion Satisfaction,and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Social Workers."Social Work 60(3):201-209.
Yasushi Suzuki2015,"Altruism,reciprocity and Islamic equity finance",www.emeraldinsight.com/1753-8394.htm
Zardkoohi,Asghar.Harrison,Joseph S.Josefy,Mathew A.2017,"Conflict and Confluence:The Multidimensionality of Opportunism in Principal-Agent Relationships",Journal of Business Ethics:vol,146(2):405-417
《深圳市民政局、财政委员会关于<政府购买社会工作服务实施办法>》,http://www.ssof.cn/announcement/1000010000000808.html
《中共深圳市委深圳市人民政府关于加强社会工作人才队伍建设推进社会工作发展的意见》深发[2007]18号,http://www.yantian.gov.cn/icatalog/bm/mzj/02/ffg/201611/t20161130_5513657.htm
陈林懋,2016,《社会工作项目中的“稻草人”现象产生机制研究--基于委托代理理论的视角》,重庆大学硕士学位论文。
陈天祥,郑佳斯,2016,《双重委托代理下的政社关系:政府购买社会服务的新解释框架》,《公共管理学报》第十三卷第三期,2016年7月。
林万亿,2013,《当代社会工作:理论与方法》(3版),五南出版社,2013年。
刘有贵,蒋年云,2006,《委托代理理论评述》,《学术界(双月刊)》第116期。
任勇,李晓光,2007,《委托代理了理论:模型、对策及评析》,《经济问题》2007年第7期。
孙健,2015,《我国政府向社会组织购买公共服务研究》,中共广东省委党校硕士学位论文。
理查德·英格拉姆、伊恩·巴伦,2018,《社会工作与替代性创伤:情感卷入的风险与机遇》,《社会建设》第2期。
王光秀,2002,《“政府式”委托代理理论模型的构建》,《管理世界(月刊)》2002年第1期。
吴宗宪,2012,《台南市政府文官公共服务动机与工作满意、工作努力意愿之实证研究-以个人∕组织配适度作为调节变项》,《公共行政学报》第四十三期。
吴宗宪,2014,《公仆所为何来?台南市政府文官公共服务动机影响工作努力意愿之实证研究》,《政策与人力管理》第五卷第一期。
余一鸣,2012,《从个人贪腐到组织腐化的历程探索-Bandura的道德疏离理论为分析架构》,《台湾民主季刊》第九卷第二期。
赵卓,李玖灵,2018,《政府与社会资本合作中的激励机制研究--基于委托代理理论》,《改革与战略》第11期。
Ann E.Tenbrunsel&David M.Messick 1999,"Sanctioning Systems,Decision Frames,and Cooperation",Administrative Science Quarterly 44(4):684-707.
Ann E.Tenbrunsel&KRISTIN SMITH-CROWE 2008,"Ethical Decision-making:Where we’ve been and Where we’re going",The Academy of Management Annals 2(1):545-607.
Bacq,Sophie.Janssen,Frank.Kickul,Jill R2016,"In Pursuit of Blended Value in Social Entrepreneurial Ventures:an Empirical Investigation”Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,23(1):316-332。
C.Schott and J.L.J.Pronk 2013,“Investigating and explaining organizational antecedents of PSM”,The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/2049-3983.htm
Cella Moore et al.2012,“Why Employees do Bad Things:Moral Disengagement and Unethical Organizational Behavior”,Personnel Psychology 65:1-48
Chen,Ying-Ju.Zhao,Xiaojian2013,“Solution Concepts of Principal-Agent Models with Unawareness of Actions”,Games 3(2):508-531
Cvitani,Jak?a.Possama?.Dylan.Touzi,Nizar 2018,“Dynamic Programming Approach to Principal-agent Problems”,Finance and Stochastics 22(1):1-37
Enbrunsel AE,Messick DM 1999,“Sanctioning Systems,Decision Frames,and Cooperation”,Administrative Science Quarterly 44:684-707.
Gini,G.,et al.2015,"The Role of Individual and Collective Moral Disengagement in Peer Aggression and By Standing:a Multilevel Analysis",Abnorm Child Psychol 43(3):441-452.
Hardy,S.A.,et al.(2015,"Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors:Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation."Youth Adolesc 44(8):1542-1554.
Jennifer Kunz&Stefan Linder2012,"Organizational Control and Work Effort-Another Look at the Interplay of Rewards and Motivation",Uropean Accounting Review 21(3):591-621.
Julian Gould-Williams 2003,"The Importance of HR Practices and Workplace Trust in Achieving Superior Performance:a Study of Public-sector Organizations",Ini.J.of Human Resource Management 14(1):28-54
Lalonde,Carole.Adler,Chloé2015,“Information Asymmetry in Process Consultation”,Leadership&Organization Development Journal 36(2):177-211
Leisink,P.and Steijn,B.2009,"Public Service Motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands",International Review of Administrative Science,75(1):35-51.
Leruth,Luc E2009,"Public-Private Cooperation in Infrastructure Development:A Principal-Agent Story of Contingent Liabilities",Fiscal Risks,and Other(Un)pleasant Surprises.Networks and Spatial Economics,vol.12,No.2,223-237.
Liu,B.,et al.2014,"Compassion as the Affective Dimension of Public Service Motivation in a Chinese Context.",Social Behavior and Personality:an international journal 42(2):245-251.
McDonald,Fritz J."Agency and Responsibility",The Journal of Value Inquiry.vol.44(2),199-207.
Nikolova,Milena 2013,"Principals and Agents:An Investigation of Executive Compensation in Human Service Nonprofits",VOLUNTAS:International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 25(3):679-706.
Osofsky,M.J.,et al.2005,"The role of moral disengagement in the execution process.",Law Hum Behavior 29(4):371-393.
Radey,M.and C.R.Figley 2007),"The Social Psychology of Compassion.",Clinical Social Work Journal 35(3):207-214.
Riccardo Viale2011,"Brain reading social action",Int Rev Econ(2011)58:319-336
Sandra L.Robinson,Matthew S.Kraatz Denise,M.Rousseau 1994,"Changing Obligations and The Psychological Contract:A Longitudinal Study",Academy of Management Journal 37(1):137-152.
Slocum-Gori,S.,et al.2013,"Understanding Compassion Satisfaction,Compassion Fatigue and Burnout:a survey of the hospice palliative care workforce.",Palliat Med 27(2):172-178.
Steve King,Jr.and Michael J.Holosko 2012,"The Development and Initial Validation of the Empathy Scale for Social Workers",Research on Social Work Practice 22(2)174-185.
Wagaman,M.A.,et al.2015,"The Role of Empathy in Burnout,Compassion Satisfaction,and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Social Workers."Social Work 60(3):201-209.
Yasushi Suzuki2015,"Altruism,reciprocity and Islamic equity finance",www.emeraldinsight.com/1753-8394.htm
Zardkoohi,Asghar.Harrison,Joseph S.Josefy,Mathew A.2017,"Conflict and Confluence:The Multidimensionality of Opportunism in Principal-Agent Relationships",Journal of Business Ethics:vol,146(2):405-417