“国家-村庄-个体”三维框架下农村青年吸毒问题的治理——基于H省A村的个案研究
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摘要
论文尝试弥补当前研究对农村地区毒品问题关注的不足,沿着阎云翔的中国个体化认识,通过对H省A村的个案研究,将农村青年吸毒行为放在"国家-村庄-个体"三者的结构关系框架下,考察在农村社会变迁及青年个体化进程中,市场逻辑治理地方危机、村庄传统权威的日益衰弱以及个体应对风险的效能不足,如何共同影响农村青年吸毒行为的发生与治理。论文认为,农村毒品治理政策需要把毒品有关的伤害与社会的、物质的和健康的不平等联系起来,加大国家主导下的福利保障力度与村庄支持系统培育,从而增加个体应对社会风险的能力,减少农村青年吸毒人员的比率。
Rural drug addiction in China has largely been ignored by scholars. This paper fills the gapby presenting a case study of A village inH Province. Following Yan Yunxiang's view of the individualization of Chinese society,the drug-taking behaviors of rural youth are put into the three-dimensional framework of "state-village-individual". By doing this,we can explore how the market logic used to govern local crises,weakened traditional authority,and insufficient personal efficacy,co-affect the occurrence and governance of the drug problem among rural youth during a period of rural social change and youth individualization. This paper argues that rural drug policies need to link drug-related injuries with social, material, and health inequalities. After strengthening the social welfare and fostering support system of the village,it would be helpful for individual rural drug users to improve their ability to cope with social risks and thereby reduce the rate of drug abuse.
Rural drug addiction in China has largely been ignored by scholars. This paper fills the gapby presenting a case study of A village inH Province. Following Yan Yunxiang's view of the individualization of Chinese society,the drug-taking behaviors of rural youth are put into the three-dimensional framework of "state-village-individual". By doing this,we can explore how the market logic used to govern local crises,weakened traditional authority,and insufficient personal efficacy,co-affect the occurrence and governance of the drug problem among rural youth during a period of rural social change and youth individualization. This paper argues that rural drug policies need to link drug-related injuries with social, material, and health inequalities. After strengthening the social welfare and fostering support system of the village,it would be helpful for individual rural drug users to improve their ability to cope with social risks and thereby reduce the rate of drug abuse.
引文
法制时报(2015).毒品一日不绝禁毒一刻不止.法制时报:http://fzsb.hinews.cnhtml2015-06/26/content_2_1.htm.2015年6月26日访问.
H省日报(2006).H省首家美沙酮维持治疗门诊正式开业.中央政府门户网站:http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/jk/2006-09/26/content_398814.htm.2019年4月10日访问.
H省日报(2016).“时尚”包裹下的毒魔.H省日报,11月11日,007版.
H省人大常委会内务司法工作委员会(2016).关于全省实施《H省禁毒条例》开展禁毒工作情况的调研报告.H省人大网2016年7月21日发布.2019年4月10日访问.
林少真(2015).制度排斥与社会接纳:吸毒人员回归社会的困境与出路.贵州社会科学,303(5):48-52.
刘绍华(2013).我的凉山兄弟.台北:群学出版社.
N都市报(2015).省总工会禁毒工作推进会走进W市.N都市报,11月4日,014版.
农民文摘(2012).警惕毒品在农村蔓延.农民文摘,16:16-19.
O.瑞、C.科塞(2001).毒品、社会与人的行为.夏建中等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
人民网(2016).刘跃进:涉毒者农民居多 “627工程”专攻青少年禁毒.人民网:http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0218/c42510-28134102.html.2019年4月10日访问.
斯蒂芬·E.巴坎(2011).犯罪学:社会学的理解.秦晨等译.上海:上海人民出版社.
王嘉顺、林少真(2014).社会排斥与另类的生活空间:青年吸毒行为的影响机制分析.东南学术,4:165-174.
乌尔里希·贝克、伊丽莎白·贝克-格恩斯海姆(2011).个体化.李荣山、范言睘、张惠强译.北京:北京大学出版社.
阎云翔(2006).私人生活的变革:一个中国村庄里的爱情、家庭与亲密关系1949—1999.龚小夏译.上海:上海书店出版社.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2016).2015年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒网:http://www.nncc626.com/2016-02/18/c_128731173.htm.2019年4月10日访问.
周如南(2015).折翅的山鹰:西南凉山彝区艾滋病研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
Ajzen,I.(1985).From Intentions to Actions:A Theory of Planned Behavior.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer.
Akers,R.L.(1985).Deviant Behavior:A Social Learning Approach.Belmont:Wadsworth.
Allaste,A.& Lagerspetz,M.(2002).Recreational Drug Use in Estonia:The Context of Club Cculture.Contemporary Drug Problems,29:183-200.
Joseph,A.(2010).“Where Darkness Knows No Limits”:Incarceration,Ill-Treatment,and Forced Labor as Drug Rehabilitation in China.New York:Human Rights Watch.
Bewleytaylor,D.,Trace,M.& Stevens,A.(2005).Incarceration of Drug Offenders:Costs and Impacts.Briefing Paper Seven,June 2005:The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme.Available at(Apr.10,2019):http://www.iprt.ie/files/incarceration_of_drug_users.pdf.
Bourgois,P.(2003).In Search of Respect:Selling Crack in El Barrio.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Bourgois,P.(2009).Righteous Dope fiend.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Buchanan,J.(2006).Understanding Problematic Drug Use:A Medical Matter or a Social Issue?.British Journal of Community Justice,4(2):387-397.
Caiata-Zufferey,M.(2012).From Danger to Risk:Categorising and Valuing Recreational Heroin and Cocaine use.Health,Risk & Society,14(5):427-443.
Cheung,N.W.T.& Cheung,Y.W.(2006).Is Hong Kong Experiencing Normalization of Adolescent Drug Use?Some Reflections on the Normalization Thesis.Substance Use and Misuse,41(14):1967-1990.
Elder,G.H.(1997).Life Rrajectories in Changing Societies.In Bandura,A.Ed.Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Fishbein,M.,Middlestadt,S.E.& Hitchcock,P.J.(1994).Using Information to Change Sexually Transmitted Disease-Related Behaviors:An Analysis Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action.In Diclimente,R.J.& Peterson,J.L.Preventing AIDS.New York:Plenum Press.
Forsyth,A.J.(1996).Places and Patterns of Drug Use in the Scottish Dance Scene.Addiction,91(4):511-521.
Foster,J.(2000).Social Exclusion Crime and Drugs.Drugs Education Prevention and Policy,7(4):317-330.
Garcia,A.(2010).The Pastoral Clinic:Addiction and Dispossession along the Rio Grande.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Heyman,B.et al.(2010).Risk,Safety and Clinical Practice:Health Care through the Lens of Risk.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Lin,S.Z.& Zhang,Y.A.(2014).Risk Control and Rational Recreation:A Qualitative Analysis of Synthetic Drug Use among Young Urbanites in China.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(4):769-775.
MacDonald,R.& Marsh,J.(2002).Crossing the Rubicon:Youth Transitions,Poverty,Drugs and Social Exclusion.International Journal of Drug Policy,13(1):27-38.
Measham,F.C.,Aldridge,J.& Parker,H.(2001).Dancing on Drugs:Risk,Health and Hedonism in the British Club Scene.London:Free Association Books.
O'Gorman,A.(2008).Understanding the Social Exclusion-Problem Drug Use Nexus.Available at(Apr.10,2019):Http//:www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4303/1/138-0069.pdf.
Parker,H.& Williams,L.(2003).Intoxicated Weekends:Young Adults' Work Hard-Play Hard Lifestyles,Public Health and Public Disorder.Drugs:Education,Prevention,and Policy,10(4):345-367.
Parker,H.,Aldridge,J.& Measham,F.(1999).Illegal Leisure:The Normalization of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use.London:Routledge.
Parker,H.,Williams,L.& Aldridge,J.(2002).The Normalization of “Sensible” Recreational Drug Uuse:Further Evidence from the North West England Llongitudinal Study.Sociology,36(4):941-964.
Peck,D.F.& Plant,M.A.(1986).Unemployment and Illegal Drug Use:Concordant Evidence from a Prospective Study and National Trends.British Medical Journal,293(6552):929-932.
Robson,P.(2009).Forbidden Drugs.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Sanders,B.(2006).Drugs,Clubs and Young People:Sociological and Public Health Perspectives.Hampshire,England:Ashgate Publishing,Ltd.
Social Exclusion Unit.(2004).Tackling Social Exclusion:Taking Stock and Looking to the Future-Emerging Findings.London:Crown Publications.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2016).World Drug Report 2016.Available at(Jun.23,2016):http://idpc.net/publications‖06/world-drug-report-2016.
Zoccatelli,G.(2014).“It Was Fun,It Was Dangerous”:Heroin,Young urbanities and Opening Reforms in China's Borderlands.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(4):762-768.
(1)当地年轻人滥用合成毒品现象也很普遍。被访者表示,A村几乎所有年轻人都玩过合成毒品。不过当地人对合成毒品的使用缺乏关注,合成毒品使用难以获得当地人的报告。
(2)“包厢”指当地的一些娱乐场所,比如卡拉OK厅、歌舞厅等。
(3)被公安反复抓捕,几进几出劳动教养所与强制戒毒所。
(4)H省规定美沙酮维持治疗门诊接收的受治者条件必须同时具备以下条件(H省日报,2006):(1)经多次戒毒仍未脱瘾的海洛因成瘾者;(2)强制戒毒2次或劳教戒毒1次以上者;(3)年龄在20周岁以上;(4)当地居民且有固定住所;(5)具有完全民事行为能力。
(5)如关于A村集体土地问题。分田到户时按人头分配的账面耕地是公社时期的耕地,而实际上A村还有很多开发的荒地。村民表示,占用荒地多的一般是村干部家族的人。
(6)方言,意思是自以为是,爱摆谱爱面子,假装什么都知道。
(7)A村村民普遍教育程度低,2013年A村只有小学文化的村民比例高达87%。村民表示,当地不重视教育,教育资源有限。因为入学学生数量少,2009年之前,A村有小学教学点,办学到小学五年级。到2009-2013年只提供办学三个年级,2013年A村小学就被撤并了。
H省日报(2006).H省首家美沙酮维持治疗门诊正式开业.中央政府门户网站:http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/jk/2006-09/26/content_398814.htm.2019年4月10日访问.
H省日报(2016).“时尚”包裹下的毒魔.H省日报,11月11日,007版.
H省人大常委会内务司法工作委员会(2016).关于全省实施《H省禁毒条例》开展禁毒工作情况的调研报告.H省人大网2016年7月21日发布.2019年4月10日访问.
林少真(2015).制度排斥与社会接纳:吸毒人员回归社会的困境与出路.贵州社会科学,303(5):48-52.
刘绍华(2013).我的凉山兄弟.台北:群学出版社.
N都市报(2015).省总工会禁毒工作推进会走进W市.N都市报,11月4日,014版.
农民文摘(2012).警惕毒品在农村蔓延.农民文摘,16:16-19.
O.瑞、C.科塞(2001).毒品、社会与人的行为.夏建中等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
人民网(2016).刘跃进:涉毒者农民居多 “627工程”专攻青少年禁毒.人民网:http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0218/c42510-28134102.html.2019年4月10日访问.
斯蒂芬·E.巴坎(2011).犯罪学:社会学的理解.秦晨等译.上海:上海人民出版社.
王嘉顺、林少真(2014).社会排斥与另类的生活空间:青年吸毒行为的影响机制分析.东南学术,4:165-174.
乌尔里希·贝克、伊丽莎白·贝克-格恩斯海姆(2011).个体化.李荣山、范言睘、张惠强译.北京:北京大学出版社.
阎云翔(2006).私人生活的变革:一个中国村庄里的爱情、家庭与亲密关系1949—1999.龚小夏译.上海:上海书店出版社.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2016).2015年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒网:http://www.nncc626.com/2016-02/18/c_128731173.htm.2019年4月10日访问.
周如南(2015).折翅的山鹰:西南凉山彝区艾滋病研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
Ajzen,I.(1985).From Intentions to Actions:A Theory of Planned Behavior.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer.
Akers,R.L.(1985).Deviant Behavior:A Social Learning Approach.Belmont:Wadsworth.
Allaste,A.& Lagerspetz,M.(2002).Recreational Drug Use in Estonia:The Context of Club Cculture.Contemporary Drug Problems,29:183-200.
Joseph,A.(2010).“Where Darkness Knows No Limits”:Incarceration,Ill-Treatment,and Forced Labor as Drug Rehabilitation in China.New York:Human Rights Watch.
Bewleytaylor,D.,Trace,M.& Stevens,A.(2005).Incarceration of Drug Offenders:Costs and Impacts.Briefing Paper Seven,June 2005:The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme.Available at(Apr.10,2019):http://www.iprt.ie/files/incarceration_of_drug_users.pdf.
Bourgois,P.(2003).In Search of Respect:Selling Crack in El Barrio.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Bourgois,P.(2009).Righteous Dope fiend.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Buchanan,J.(2006).Understanding Problematic Drug Use:A Medical Matter or a Social Issue?.British Journal of Community Justice,4(2):387-397.
Caiata-Zufferey,M.(2012).From Danger to Risk:Categorising and Valuing Recreational Heroin and Cocaine use.Health,Risk & Society,14(5):427-443.
Cheung,N.W.T.& Cheung,Y.W.(2006).Is Hong Kong Experiencing Normalization of Adolescent Drug Use?Some Reflections on the Normalization Thesis.Substance Use and Misuse,41(14):1967-1990.
Elder,G.H.(1997).Life Rrajectories in Changing Societies.In Bandura,A.Ed.Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Fishbein,M.,Middlestadt,S.E.& Hitchcock,P.J.(1994).Using Information to Change Sexually Transmitted Disease-Related Behaviors:An Analysis Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action.In Diclimente,R.J.& Peterson,J.L.Preventing AIDS.New York:Plenum Press.
Forsyth,A.J.(1996).Places and Patterns of Drug Use in the Scottish Dance Scene.Addiction,91(4):511-521.
Foster,J.(2000).Social Exclusion Crime and Drugs.Drugs Education Prevention and Policy,7(4):317-330.
Garcia,A.(2010).The Pastoral Clinic:Addiction and Dispossession along the Rio Grande.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Heyman,B.et al.(2010).Risk,Safety and Clinical Practice:Health Care through the Lens of Risk.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Lin,S.Z.& Zhang,Y.A.(2014).Risk Control and Rational Recreation:A Qualitative Analysis of Synthetic Drug Use among Young Urbanites in China.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(4):769-775.
MacDonald,R.& Marsh,J.(2002).Crossing the Rubicon:Youth Transitions,Poverty,Drugs and Social Exclusion.International Journal of Drug Policy,13(1):27-38.
Measham,F.C.,Aldridge,J.& Parker,H.(2001).Dancing on Drugs:Risk,Health and Hedonism in the British Club Scene.London:Free Association Books.
O'Gorman,A.(2008).Understanding the Social Exclusion-Problem Drug Use Nexus.Available at(Apr.10,2019):Http//:www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4303/1/138-0069.pdf.
Parker,H.& Williams,L.(2003).Intoxicated Weekends:Young Adults' Work Hard-Play Hard Lifestyles,Public Health and Public Disorder.Drugs:Education,Prevention,and Policy,10(4):345-367.
Parker,H.,Aldridge,J.& Measham,F.(1999).Illegal Leisure:The Normalization of Adolescent Recreational Drug Use.London:Routledge.
Parker,H.,Williams,L.& Aldridge,J.(2002).The Normalization of “Sensible” Recreational Drug Uuse:Further Evidence from the North West England Llongitudinal Study.Sociology,36(4):941-964.
Peck,D.F.& Plant,M.A.(1986).Unemployment and Illegal Drug Use:Concordant Evidence from a Prospective Study and National Trends.British Medical Journal,293(6552):929-932.
Robson,P.(2009).Forbidden Drugs.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Sanders,B.(2006).Drugs,Clubs and Young People:Sociological and Public Health Perspectives.Hampshire,England:Ashgate Publishing,Ltd.
Social Exclusion Unit.(2004).Tackling Social Exclusion:Taking Stock and Looking to the Future-Emerging Findings.London:Crown Publications.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2016).World Drug Report 2016.Available at(Jun.23,2016):http://idpc.net/publications‖06/world-drug-report-2016.
Zoccatelli,G.(2014).“It Was Fun,It Was Dangerous”:Heroin,Young urbanities and Opening Reforms in China's Borderlands.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(4):762-768.
(1)当地年轻人滥用合成毒品现象也很普遍。被访者表示,A村几乎所有年轻人都玩过合成毒品。不过当地人对合成毒品的使用缺乏关注,合成毒品使用难以获得当地人的报告。
(2)“包厢”指当地的一些娱乐场所,比如卡拉OK厅、歌舞厅等。
(3)被公安反复抓捕,几进几出劳动教养所与强制戒毒所。
(4)H省规定美沙酮维持治疗门诊接收的受治者条件必须同时具备以下条件(H省日报,2006):(1)经多次戒毒仍未脱瘾的海洛因成瘾者;(2)强制戒毒2次或劳教戒毒1次以上者;(3)年龄在20周岁以上;(4)当地居民且有固定住所;(5)具有完全民事行为能力。
(5)如关于A村集体土地问题。分田到户时按人头分配的账面耕地是公社时期的耕地,而实际上A村还有很多开发的荒地。村民表示,占用荒地多的一般是村干部家族的人。
(6)方言,意思是自以为是,爱摆谱爱面子,假装什么都知道。
(7)A村村民普遍教育程度低,2013年A村只有小学文化的村民比例高达87%。村民表示,当地不重视教育,教育资源有限。因为入学学生数量少,2009年之前,A村有小学教学点,办学到小学五年级。到2009-2013年只提供办学三个年级,2013年A村小学就被撤并了。