中国特色小镇的空间分布及其产业特征
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摘要
以中国前两批特色小镇为例,综合利用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、不均衡指数、核密度、地理联系率等空间分析方法,分析特色小镇的空间分布规律,在此基础上提出特色小镇的产业特征及其开发建议。结果显示:中国特色小镇在分布上具有"总体集聚、依托经济、沿线、围城、靠景"的特征。从空间分布类型看,特色小镇主要分布在东部地区,人口分界线的东南部,大体上呈现出集聚分布的态势;从空间分布均衡性上看,特色小镇在空间分布上呈现非均衡特征,且集中度较高;从空间分布密度上看,中国特色小镇呈现出东多西少、南多北少、东南多西北少的空间分布格局,总体上形成五大集聚区,分别为环渤海集聚区、长三角集聚区、东南沿海集聚区、西南成渝集聚区、中原集聚区。当前特色小镇的空间分布是政策主导下区域经济、区位交通、核心城市、旅游资源等因素综合作用的结果。前两批特色小镇主要以农业主导型与工业主导型为主,产业特色有待进一步提升。根据分析结果,从尊重规律、政策导向、产业引领、要素配套等方面提出未来特色小镇的开发建议。
Taking the first two batches of characteristic towns in the China as an example,comprehensively using the spatial analysis methods, such as the nearest index, geographic concentration index, imbalance index, nuclear density, and geographical contact rate, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution of characteristic towns in the country. On this basis, it puts forward the industrial characteristics and development suggestions. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: The distribution of characteristic towns in China is characterized by "agglomeration in general, relying on economy, along the line, besieging the city and near scenery". From the perspective of spatial distribution type, the characteristic towns are mainly distributed in the eastern region, and southeast of the demarcation line, which shows a trend of concentration pattern. From the perspective of spatial distribution equilibrium, the characteristic towns show an unbalanced pattern, and the concentration ratio is high. From the perspective of spatial distribution density, they present a pattern of more in the east while fewer in the west, more in the south while fewer in the north, as well as more in the southeast while few in the northwest. Generally speaking, there are five major agglomeration areas: the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the southeast coastal region, the Chengdu and Chongqing in the southwest, and the Central Plains. The spatial distribution of the characteristic towns is the result of the comprehensive role of regional economy, location transportation, core city and tourism resources under the policy guidance. The first two batches of characteristic towns are mainly dominated by agriculture and industry, and the industrial characteristics need further improvement. According to the results, we put forward some suggestions for future development of characteristic towns from rule of law, policy guidance, industry guidance and elements matching.
Taking the first two batches of characteristic towns in the China as an example,comprehensively using the spatial analysis methods, such as the nearest index, geographic concentration index, imbalance index, nuclear density, and geographical contact rate, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution of characteristic towns in the country. On this basis, it puts forward the industrial characteristics and development suggestions. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: The distribution of characteristic towns in China is characterized by "agglomeration in general, relying on economy, along the line, besieging the city and near scenery". From the perspective of spatial distribution type, the characteristic towns are mainly distributed in the eastern region, and southeast of the demarcation line, which shows a trend of concentration pattern. From the perspective of spatial distribution equilibrium, the characteristic towns show an unbalanced pattern, and the concentration ratio is high. From the perspective of spatial distribution density, they present a pattern of more in the east while fewer in the west, more in the south while fewer in the north, as well as more in the southeast while few in the northwest. Generally speaking, there are five major agglomeration areas: the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the southeast coastal region, the Chengdu and Chongqing in the southwest, and the Central Plains. The spatial distribution of the characteristic towns is the result of the comprehensive role of regional economy, location transportation, core city and tourism resources under the policy guidance. The first two batches of characteristic towns are mainly dominated by agriculture and industry, and the industrial characteristics need further improvement. According to the results, we put forward some suggestions for future development of characteristic towns from rule of law, policy guidance, industry guidance and elements matching.
引文
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[2] JOHN S, AKAMA, MELPHON M. Systems approach to tourism training and education:The Kenyan case study. Tourism Management, 2007, 24(1):298-306.
[3] ROBERT M. A tale of tourism in two cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 1993, 20(3):336-353.
[4] CARLOS C. An emerging tourism planning paradigm? An comparative analysis between town and tourism planning. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2001,(3):425-441.
[5] CLARE M. EMILY B. Testing a conceptual model of cultural tourism development in the post-industrial city:A case study of Glasgow. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2006, 6(2):32-35.
[6] MELANIE K S. Seeing a new side to seaside town:Culturally regenerating the English seaside town. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2004,(6):17-28.
[7]霍华德.明日的田园城市.北京:商务印书馆, 2010:6-7.[HUO H D. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Beijing:Commercial Press, 2010:6-7.]
[8] PEREDO, ANA M, JAMES J C. Toward to a theory of community:Based enterprise. Academy of Management Review,2006, 31(2):309-328.
[9]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.关于加快美丽特色小(城)镇建设的指导意见. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201610/t20161031_824855.html. 2016/10/8.[National Development and Reform Commission. Guiding opinions of speeding up the construction of characteristic towns. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201610/t20161031_824855.html. 2016/10/8.]
[10]浙江省人民政府.浙江省人民政府关于加快特色小镇规划建设的指导意见. http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2015/5/4/art_32431_202183.html. 2015/4/22.[The People's Gravamen of Zhejiang Province. Guiding opinions of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Government on speeding up the planning and construction of characteristic towns. http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2015/5/4/art_32431_202183.html. 2015/4/22.]
[11]曹爽,罗娟.我国特色小镇建设的研究现状与展望.改革与开放, 2017,(11):14-15.[CAO S, LUO J. The present situation and prospect of the construction of characteristic towns in China. Reform&Opening, 2017,(11):14-15.]
[12]苏斯彬,张旭亮.浙江特色小镇在新型城镇化中的实践模式探析.宏观经济管理, 2016,(10):73-75.[SU S B,ZHANG X L. The practice mode of Zhejiang characteristic town in new-type urbanization. Macroeconomic Management, 2016,(10):73-75.]
[13]许益波,汪斌,杨琴.产业转型升级视角下特色小镇培育与建设研究.经济师, 2016,(8):90-92.[XU Y B, WANG B,YANG Q. Research on the cultivation and construction of characteristic towns from the perspective of industrial transformation and upgrading. China Economist, 2016,(8):90-92.]
[14]罗翔,沈洁.供给侧结构性改革视角下特色小镇规划建设思路与对策.规划师, 2017, 33(6):38-43.[LUO X, SHEN J. Thoughts and measures for characteristic town planning from supply-side structural reform viewpoint. Planners,2017, 33(6):38-43.]
[15]周鲁耀,周功满.从开发区到特色小镇:区域开发模式的新变化.城市发展研究, 2017, 24(1):51-55.[ZHOU L Y,ZHOU G M. From the development done to the characteristic town:The new changes of local development pattern. Urban Development Studies, 2017, 24(1):51-55.]
[16]付晓东,蒋雅伟.基于根植性视角的我国特色小镇发展模式探讨.中国软科学, 2017,(8):102-111.[FU X D, JIANG Y W. Discussion on the development model of characteristic towns in China from the perspective of embeddedness. China Soft Science, 2017,(8):102-111.]
[17]魏蓉蓉,邹晓勇.特色小镇发展的PPP创新支持模式研究.数量经济与管理研究, 2017,(10):125-128.[WEI R R,ZOU X Y. The research on PPP innovation support model of characteristic town's development. Techno economics&Management Research, 2017,(10):125-128.]
[18]张雷.运动休闲特色小镇:概念、类型及发展路径.体育科学, 2018, 38(1):18-26.[ZHANG L. Sports and leisure characteristic town:Concept, category and development path. China Sport Science, 2018, 38(1):18-26.]
[19]赵华.旅游特色小镇创新开发探析.经济问题, 2017,(12):104-107.[ZHAO H. Analysis on the innovation and exploration of the tourist characteristic town. On Economic Problems, 2017,(12):104-107.]
[20]吴一洲,陈前虎,郑晓虹.特色小镇发展水平指标体系与评估方法.规划师, 2016, 32(7):123-127.[WU Y Z, CHEN Q H, ZHENG X H. Indices system and evaluation method of characteristic town development. Planners, 2016, 32(7):123-127.]
[21]温燕,金平斌.特色小镇核心竞争力及其评估模型构建.生态经济, 2017, 36(6):85-89.[WEN Y, JIN P B. Core competence and evaluation model construction of characteristic town. Ecological Economy, 2017, 36(6):85-89.]
[22]王新越,侯娟娟,韩霞霞.中国特色小镇空间分布特征及其影响因素研究.规划师, 2018, 34(1):12-15.[WANG X Y,HOU J J, HAN X X. Spatial distribution characteristics of small towns with Chinese characteristics and their influencing factors. Planners, 2018, 34(1):12-15.]
[23]华芳,陆建城.杭州特色小镇群体特征研究.城市规划学刊, 2017,(3):78-84.[HUA F, LU J C. A research on features of characteristic towns in Hangzhou. Urban Planning Forum, 2017,(3):78-84.]
[24]任国岩.长三角会展场馆空间集聚特征及影响因素.经济地理, 2014, 34(9):86-92.[REN G Y. The agglomeration characteristics and influencing factors of exhibition venues in Yangtze River Delta. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(9):86-92.]
[25]王怀成,张连马,蒋晓威.泛长三角产业发展与环境污染的空间关联性研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(3):55-59.[WANG H C, ZHANG L M, JIANG X W. Study on evolution of industrial and pollution gravity centers and its spatial correlation in Pan Yangtze River Delta. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(3):55-59.]
[26]李伯华,尹莎,刘沛林,等.湖南省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素分析.经济地理, 2015, 35(2):189-194.[LI B H, YIN S, LIU P L, et al. Spatial distribution of traditional villages and the influencing factors in Hunan province. Economic Geography, 2015, 35(2):189-194.]
[27]刘锐,胡伟平,王红亮.基于核密度估计的广佛都市区路网演变分析.地理科学, 2011, 31(1):81-86.[LIU R, HU W P, WANG H L. The road network evolution of Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area based on kernel density estimation.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(1):81-86.]
[28]甄峰,余洋,汪侠,等.城市汽车服务业空间集聚特征研究:以南京市为例.地理科学, 2012, 32(10):1200-1208.[ZHEN F, YU Y, WANG X, et al. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of automotive service industry:A case study of Nanjing. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(10):1200-1208.]
[29]刘婷婷,曾洪勇,张华.京津生产性服务与制造业互动关系比较研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(5):209-215.[LIU T T, ZENG H Y, ZHANG H. Compassion on interaction of producer services and manufacturing between Beijing and Tianjin. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(5):209-215.]
[30]王小军,张建云,刘九夫,等.我国生活用水公平问题研究.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2):328-334.[WANG X J,ZHANG J Y, LIU J F, et al. Discussion on evaluating the fairness of domestic water use in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2):328-334.]
[31]卫龙宝,史新杰.浙江特色小镇建设的若干思考与建议.浙江社会科学, 2016,(3):28-32.[WEI L B, SHI X J. Some thoughts and suggestions on the construction of Zhejiang characteristic town. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 2016,(3):28-32.]
[32]黄震方,俞肇元,黄振林,等.主题型文化旅游区的阶段性演化及其驱动机制:以无锡灵山景区为例.地理学报,2011, 66(6):831-841.[HUANG Z F, YU Z Y, HUANG Z L, et al. Evolutionary stages and dynamic mechanisms of thematic cultural tourist areas:A case study of Lingshan scenic area in Wuxi. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(6):831-841.]
[2] JOHN S, AKAMA, MELPHON M. Systems approach to tourism training and education:The Kenyan case study. Tourism Management, 2007, 24(1):298-306.
[3] ROBERT M. A tale of tourism in two cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 1993, 20(3):336-353.
[4] CARLOS C. An emerging tourism planning paradigm? An comparative analysis between town and tourism planning. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2001,(3):425-441.
[5] CLARE M. EMILY B. Testing a conceptual model of cultural tourism development in the post-industrial city:A case study of Glasgow. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2006, 6(2):32-35.
[6] MELANIE K S. Seeing a new side to seaside town:Culturally regenerating the English seaside town. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2004,(6):17-28.
[7]霍华德.明日的田园城市.北京:商务印书馆, 2010:6-7.[HUO H D. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Beijing:Commercial Press, 2010:6-7.]
[8] PEREDO, ANA M, JAMES J C. Toward to a theory of community:Based enterprise. Academy of Management Review,2006, 31(2):309-328.
[9]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.关于加快美丽特色小(城)镇建设的指导意见. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201610/t20161031_824855.html. 2016/10/8.[National Development and Reform Commission. Guiding opinions of speeding up the construction of characteristic towns. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201610/t20161031_824855.html. 2016/10/8.]
[10]浙江省人民政府.浙江省人民政府关于加快特色小镇规划建设的指导意见. http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2015/5/4/art_32431_202183.html. 2015/4/22.[The People's Gravamen of Zhejiang Province. Guiding opinions of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Government on speeding up the planning and construction of characteristic towns. http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2015/5/4/art_32431_202183.html. 2015/4/22.]
[11]曹爽,罗娟.我国特色小镇建设的研究现状与展望.改革与开放, 2017,(11):14-15.[CAO S, LUO J. The present situation and prospect of the construction of characteristic towns in China. Reform&Opening, 2017,(11):14-15.]
[12]苏斯彬,张旭亮.浙江特色小镇在新型城镇化中的实践模式探析.宏观经济管理, 2016,(10):73-75.[SU S B,ZHANG X L. The practice mode of Zhejiang characteristic town in new-type urbanization. Macroeconomic Management, 2016,(10):73-75.]
[13]许益波,汪斌,杨琴.产业转型升级视角下特色小镇培育与建设研究.经济师, 2016,(8):90-92.[XU Y B, WANG B,YANG Q. Research on the cultivation and construction of characteristic towns from the perspective of industrial transformation and upgrading. China Economist, 2016,(8):90-92.]
[14]罗翔,沈洁.供给侧结构性改革视角下特色小镇规划建设思路与对策.规划师, 2017, 33(6):38-43.[LUO X, SHEN J. Thoughts and measures for characteristic town planning from supply-side structural reform viewpoint. Planners,2017, 33(6):38-43.]
[15]周鲁耀,周功满.从开发区到特色小镇:区域开发模式的新变化.城市发展研究, 2017, 24(1):51-55.[ZHOU L Y,ZHOU G M. From the development done to the characteristic town:The new changes of local development pattern. Urban Development Studies, 2017, 24(1):51-55.]
[16]付晓东,蒋雅伟.基于根植性视角的我国特色小镇发展模式探讨.中国软科学, 2017,(8):102-111.[FU X D, JIANG Y W. Discussion on the development model of characteristic towns in China from the perspective of embeddedness. China Soft Science, 2017,(8):102-111.]
[17]魏蓉蓉,邹晓勇.特色小镇发展的PPP创新支持模式研究.数量经济与管理研究, 2017,(10):125-128.[WEI R R,ZOU X Y. The research on PPP innovation support model of characteristic town's development. Techno economics&Management Research, 2017,(10):125-128.]
[18]张雷.运动休闲特色小镇:概念、类型及发展路径.体育科学, 2018, 38(1):18-26.[ZHANG L. Sports and leisure characteristic town:Concept, category and development path. China Sport Science, 2018, 38(1):18-26.]
[19]赵华.旅游特色小镇创新开发探析.经济问题, 2017,(12):104-107.[ZHAO H. Analysis on the innovation and exploration of the tourist characteristic town. On Economic Problems, 2017,(12):104-107.]
[20]吴一洲,陈前虎,郑晓虹.特色小镇发展水平指标体系与评估方法.规划师, 2016, 32(7):123-127.[WU Y Z, CHEN Q H, ZHENG X H. Indices system and evaluation method of characteristic town development. Planners, 2016, 32(7):123-127.]
[21]温燕,金平斌.特色小镇核心竞争力及其评估模型构建.生态经济, 2017, 36(6):85-89.[WEN Y, JIN P B. Core competence and evaluation model construction of characteristic town. Ecological Economy, 2017, 36(6):85-89.]
[22]王新越,侯娟娟,韩霞霞.中国特色小镇空间分布特征及其影响因素研究.规划师, 2018, 34(1):12-15.[WANG X Y,HOU J J, HAN X X. Spatial distribution characteristics of small towns with Chinese characteristics and their influencing factors. Planners, 2018, 34(1):12-15.]
[23]华芳,陆建城.杭州特色小镇群体特征研究.城市规划学刊, 2017,(3):78-84.[HUA F, LU J C. A research on features of characteristic towns in Hangzhou. Urban Planning Forum, 2017,(3):78-84.]
[24]任国岩.长三角会展场馆空间集聚特征及影响因素.经济地理, 2014, 34(9):86-92.[REN G Y. The agglomeration characteristics and influencing factors of exhibition venues in Yangtze River Delta. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(9):86-92.]
[25]王怀成,张连马,蒋晓威.泛长三角产业发展与环境污染的空间关联性研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(3):55-59.[WANG H C, ZHANG L M, JIANG X W. Study on evolution of industrial and pollution gravity centers and its spatial correlation in Pan Yangtze River Delta. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(3):55-59.]
[26]李伯华,尹莎,刘沛林,等.湖南省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素分析.经济地理, 2015, 35(2):189-194.[LI B H, YIN S, LIU P L, et al. Spatial distribution of traditional villages and the influencing factors in Hunan province. Economic Geography, 2015, 35(2):189-194.]
[27]刘锐,胡伟平,王红亮.基于核密度估计的广佛都市区路网演变分析.地理科学, 2011, 31(1):81-86.[LIU R, HU W P, WANG H L. The road network evolution of Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area based on kernel density estimation.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(1):81-86.]
[28]甄峰,余洋,汪侠,等.城市汽车服务业空间集聚特征研究:以南京市为例.地理科学, 2012, 32(10):1200-1208.[ZHEN F, YU Y, WANG X, et al. The spatial agglomeration characteristics of automotive service industry:A case study of Nanjing. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(10):1200-1208.]
[29]刘婷婷,曾洪勇,张华.京津生产性服务与制造业互动关系比较研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(5):209-215.[LIU T T, ZENG H Y, ZHANG H. Compassion on interaction of producer services and manufacturing between Beijing and Tianjin. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(5):209-215.]
[30]王小军,张建云,刘九夫,等.我国生活用水公平问题研究.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2):328-334.[WANG X J,ZHANG J Y, LIU J F, et al. Discussion on evaluating the fairness of domestic water use in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2):328-334.]
[31]卫龙宝,史新杰.浙江特色小镇建设的若干思考与建议.浙江社会科学, 2016,(3):28-32.[WEI L B, SHI X J. Some thoughts and suggestions on the construction of Zhejiang characteristic town. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 2016,(3):28-32.]
[32]黄震方,俞肇元,黄振林,等.主题型文化旅游区的阶段性演化及其驱动机制:以无锡灵山景区为例.地理学报,2011, 66(6):831-841.[HUANG Z F, YU Z Y, HUANG Z L, et al. Evolutionary stages and dynamic mechanisms of thematic cultural tourist areas:A case study of Lingshan scenic area in Wuxi. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(6):831-841.]