苏南不同类型传统村落乡村性评价及特征研究——基于苏州12个传统村落的调查
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摘要
乡村性作为乡村的本质属性,是村落得以存续的关键。在面临剧烈的内外部重组与分化中,传统村落乡村性受到了不同程度的损坏、忽视甚至埋没。以苏州12个国家传统村落为研究对象,根据发展路径将其划分四类,并通过构建传统村落乡村性评价指标体系对其进行乡村性评价。研究表明:苏州传统村落乡村性基本保持较高水平,但不同发展路径村落乡村性构成特征各异。传统技艺型村落在产业驱动下乡村性得到均衡增强,旅游发展型村落在片面激活中产生乡村性极化,综合开发型村落的自我探索维系着均衡的乡村性,生活服务型村落在城乡互动中面临乡村性衰败危险。传统村落的保护与发展要以乡村性的整体均衡提升为导向,选择适宜的发展路径。
As an essential attribute, rurality is the key to the survival of the villages. However,in the face of intense internal and external restructuring and differentiation, their rurality has been damaged, neglected or even buried in different degrees. This paper takes 12 traditional villages in Suzhou as the research objects, divides them into four categories according to the development paths, and constructs an index system of traditional villages to evaluate their own rurality. The result shows that the traditional villages in Suzhou have basically maintained a high level in rurality. But the compositions of rurality in different development paths have different characteristics. Rurality of skill-based villages is enhanced and balanced, which is driven by industry. Rurality of tourism development villages is polarized in one-sided activation. Selfexploration of comprehensive development villages maintains balanced rurality. And life service-oriented villages face the danger of rurality decay in urban-rural interaction. It is believed that the protection and development of traditional villages should be guided by the overall balanced improvement of rurality and choose an appropriate development path.
As an essential attribute, rurality is the key to the survival of the villages. However,in the face of intense internal and external restructuring and differentiation, their rurality has been damaged, neglected or even buried in different degrees. This paper takes 12 traditional villages in Suzhou as the research objects, divides them into four categories according to the development paths, and constructs an index system of traditional villages to evaluate their own rurality. The result shows that the traditional villages in Suzhou have basically maintained a high level in rurality. But the compositions of rurality in different development paths have different characteristics. Rurality of skill-based villages is enhanced and balanced, which is driven by industry. Rurality of tourism development villages is polarized in one-sided activation. Selfexploration of comprehensive development villages maintains balanced rurality. And life service-oriented villages face the danger of rurality decay in urban-rural interaction. It is believed that the protection and development of traditional villages should be guided by the overall balanced improvement of rurality and choose an appropriate development path.
引文
[1]住房和城乡建设部,文化部,国家文物局,财政部.关于开展传统村落调查的通知.http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-04/24/content_2121340.htm,2018-3-24.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,Ministry of Culture,National Cultural Relics Bureau,Ministry of Finance.Circular on Launching Traditional Village Surveys.http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-04/24/content_2121340.htm,2018-3-24.]
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[4]谭雪兰,于思远,陈婉铃,等.长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究.地理科学,2017,37(8):1203-1210.[Tan Xuelan,Yu Siyuan,Chen Wanling,et al.Evaluation of rural function and spatial division in Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomerations.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1203-1210.]
[5]文军,吴越菲.流失“村民”的村落:传统村落的转型及其乡村性反思:基于15个典型村落验研究.社会学研究,2017,32(4):22-45,242-243.[Wen Jun,Wu Yuefei.Villages with a loss of villagers:The transformation of the traditional villages and reflections on rurality.Sociological Studies,2017,32(4):22-45,242-243.]
[6]席建超,王新歌,孔钦钦,等.旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式:野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例研究.地理学报,2014,69(4):531-540.[Xi Jianchao,Wang Xinge,Kong Qinqin,et al.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:A comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):531-540.]
[7]尤海涛,马波,陈磊.乡村旅游的本质回归:乡村性的认知与保护.中国人口资源与环境,2012,22(9):158-162.[You Haitao,Ma Bo,Chen Lei.Essence exploration of rural tourism:Rurality cognizance and protection.China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(9):158-162.]
[8]Cloke P.An index of rurality for England and Wales.Regional Studies,1977,11(1):31-46.
[9]Halfacree K H.Locality and social representation:Space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural.Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(1):23-37.
[10]Halfacree K H.Rurality and post-rurality.International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,2009:449-456.
[11]刘沛林,于海波.旅游开发中的古村落乡村性传承评价:以北京市门头沟区爨底下村为例.地理科学,2012,32(11):1304-1310.[Liu Peilin,Yu Haibo.Study on the AHP model of rurality inheritance in the ancient village of tourism development:A case study of Chuandixia village,Mentougou district,Beijing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(11):1304-1310.]
[12]毛丹,王萍.英语学术界的乡村转型研究.社会学研究,2014,29(1):194-216,245.[Mao Dan,Wang Ping.The evolution of Western rural restructuring research.Sociological Studies,2014,29(1):194-216,245.]
[13]Woods M.Performing rurality and practising rural geography.Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(6):835-846.
[14]张荣天,张小林,李传武.基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究.人文地理,2013,28(2):91-97.[Zhang Rongtian,Zhang Xiaolin,Li Chuanwu.Evolvement and mechanism of spatial pattern of rurality in Jiangsu province on country scale.Human Geography,2013,28(2):91-97.]
[15]聂晓英,石培基,张学斌,等.西北干旱区乡村性评价及驱动机制研究:以甘肃武威为例.地理科学,2017,37(4):585-594.[Nie Xiaoying,Shi Peiji,Zhang Xuebin,et al.Research on rurality evaluation and the driving mechanism in arid regions of Northwest China:A case study of Wuwei city in Gansu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(4):585-594.]
[16]冯亚芬,俞万源,雷汝林.广东省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素研究.地理科学,2017,37(2):236-243.[Feng Yafen,Yu Wanyuan,Lei Rulin.Spatial distribution features and controlling factors of traditional villages in Guangdong province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(2):236-243.]
[17]孙玉,程叶青,张平宇.东北地区乡村性评价及时空分异.地理研究,2015,34(10):1864-1874.[Sun Yu,Cheng Yeqing,Zhang Pingyu.Spatio-temporal dynamics of rurality in Northeast China.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1864-1874.]
[18]韩冬,乔家君,马玉玲.快速工业化背景下乡村性时空分异及其演化:以河南省巩义市为例.地理研究,2017,36(12):2405-2418.[Han Dong,Qiao Jiajun,Ma Yuling.Spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality under the background of rapid industrialization:A case study of Gongyi city,Henan province.Geographical Reserch,2017,36(12):2405-2418.]
[19]李智,张小林,李红波,等.基于村域尺度的乡村性评价及乡村发展模式研究:以江苏省金坛市为例.地理科学,2017,37(8):1194-1202.[Li Zhi,Zhang Xiaolin,Li Hongbo,et,al.Research on rurality at village scale and rural development model:A case of Jintan city,Jiangsu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1194-1202.]
[20]李婷婷,龙花楼.基于“人口-土地-产业”视角的乡村转型发展研究:以山东省为例.经济地理,2015,35(10):149-155.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Analysis of rural transformation development from the viewpoint of'population-land-industry':The case of Shandong province.Economic Geography,2015,35(10):149-155.]
[21]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[Long Hualou,Liu Yansui,Zou Jian.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in Eastern Coastal China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[22]冯骥才.传统村落的困境与出路:兼谈传统村落是另一类文化遗产.传统村落,2013,(1):7-12.[Feng Jicai.The Dilemma and outlet of traditional villages:Also on traditional villages are another kind of cultural heritage.Traditional Village,2013,(1):7-12.]
[23]胡燕,陈晟,曹玮,等.传统村落的概念和文化内涵.城市发展研究,2014,21(1):10-13.[Hu Yan,Chen Sheng,Cao Wei,et al.The concept and cultural connotation of traditional villages.Urban Development Studies,2014,21(1):10-13.]
[24]汪芳,孙瑞敏.传统村落的集体记忆研究:对纪录片《记住乡愁》进行内容分析为例.地理研究,2015,34(12):2368-2380.[Wang Fang,Sun Ruimin.Collective memory of Chinese traditional villages:A case study of content analysis on the documentary Homesickness in Mind.Geographical Reserch,2015,34(12):2368-2380.]
[25]陆益龙.后乡土性:理解乡村社会变迁的一个理论框架.人文杂志,2016,(11):106-114.[Lu Yilong.Post-nativeity:Atheoretical framework for understanding rural social changes.The Journal of Humanities,2016,(11):106-114.]
[26]田鹏.“乡土连续统”:农民集中居住区实践样态研究:基于后乡土社会理论视角.南京农业大学学报:社会科学版,2018,18(2):77-84,159-160.[Tian Peng.Guarantee for poverty alleviation:Improvement and innovation of poverty assessment mechanism of poverty-stricken counties.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2018,18(2):77-84,159-160.]
[27]吕祖宜,林耿.混杂性:关于乡村性的再认识.地理研究,2017,36(10):1873-1885.[Lv Zuyi,Lin Geng.Hybridity:Rethinking rurality.Geographical Reserch,2017,36(10):1873-1885.]
[2]王小明.传统村落价值认定与整体性保护的实践和思考.西南民族大学学报:人文社会科学版,2013,34(2):156-160.[Wang Xiaoming.Practice and reflection on value identification and holistic protection of traditional villages.Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities:Humanities and Social Science,2013,34(2):156-160.]
[3]熊超,夏健.村民参与式古村落保护模式研究:基于社会网络的建构.现代城市研究,2016,(1):10-15.[Xiong Chao,Xia Jian.Study on the ancient village protection schema with villagers'participation:A study based on the construction of social network.Modern Urban Research,2016,(1):10-15.]
[4]谭雪兰,于思远,陈婉铃,等.长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究.地理科学,2017,37(8):1203-1210.[Tan Xuelan,Yu Siyuan,Chen Wanling,et al.Evaluation of rural function and spatial division in Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomerations.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1203-1210.]
[5]文军,吴越菲.流失“村民”的村落:传统村落的转型及其乡村性反思:基于15个典型村落验研究.社会学研究,2017,32(4):22-45,242-243.[Wen Jun,Wu Yuefei.Villages with a loss of villagers:The transformation of the traditional villages and reflections on rurality.Sociological Studies,2017,32(4):22-45,242-243.]
[6]席建超,王新歌,孔钦钦,等.旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式:野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例研究.地理学报,2014,69(4):531-540.[Xi Jianchao,Wang Xinge,Kong Qinqin,et al.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:A comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):531-540.]
[7]尤海涛,马波,陈磊.乡村旅游的本质回归:乡村性的认知与保护.中国人口资源与环境,2012,22(9):158-162.[You Haitao,Ma Bo,Chen Lei.Essence exploration of rural tourism:Rurality cognizance and protection.China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(9):158-162.]
[8]Cloke P.An index of rurality for England and Wales.Regional Studies,1977,11(1):31-46.
[9]Halfacree K H.Locality and social representation:Space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural.Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(1):23-37.
[10]Halfacree K H.Rurality and post-rurality.International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,2009:449-456.
[11]刘沛林,于海波.旅游开发中的古村落乡村性传承评价:以北京市门头沟区爨底下村为例.地理科学,2012,32(11):1304-1310.[Liu Peilin,Yu Haibo.Study on the AHP model of rurality inheritance in the ancient village of tourism development:A case study of Chuandixia village,Mentougou district,Beijing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(11):1304-1310.]
[12]毛丹,王萍.英语学术界的乡村转型研究.社会学研究,2014,29(1):194-216,245.[Mao Dan,Wang Ping.The evolution of Western rural restructuring research.Sociological Studies,2014,29(1):194-216,245.]
[13]Woods M.Performing rurality and practising rural geography.Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(6):835-846.
[14]张荣天,张小林,李传武.基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究.人文地理,2013,28(2):91-97.[Zhang Rongtian,Zhang Xiaolin,Li Chuanwu.Evolvement and mechanism of spatial pattern of rurality in Jiangsu province on country scale.Human Geography,2013,28(2):91-97.]
[15]聂晓英,石培基,张学斌,等.西北干旱区乡村性评价及驱动机制研究:以甘肃武威为例.地理科学,2017,37(4):585-594.[Nie Xiaoying,Shi Peiji,Zhang Xuebin,et al.Research on rurality evaluation and the driving mechanism in arid regions of Northwest China:A case study of Wuwei city in Gansu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(4):585-594.]
[16]冯亚芬,俞万源,雷汝林.广东省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素研究.地理科学,2017,37(2):236-243.[Feng Yafen,Yu Wanyuan,Lei Rulin.Spatial distribution features and controlling factors of traditional villages in Guangdong province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(2):236-243.]
[17]孙玉,程叶青,张平宇.东北地区乡村性评价及时空分异.地理研究,2015,34(10):1864-1874.[Sun Yu,Cheng Yeqing,Zhang Pingyu.Spatio-temporal dynamics of rurality in Northeast China.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1864-1874.]
[18]韩冬,乔家君,马玉玲.快速工业化背景下乡村性时空分异及其演化:以河南省巩义市为例.地理研究,2017,36(12):2405-2418.[Han Dong,Qiao Jiajun,Ma Yuling.Spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality under the background of rapid industrialization:A case study of Gongyi city,Henan province.Geographical Reserch,2017,36(12):2405-2418.]
[19]李智,张小林,李红波,等.基于村域尺度的乡村性评价及乡村发展模式研究:以江苏省金坛市为例.地理科学,2017,37(8):1194-1202.[Li Zhi,Zhang Xiaolin,Li Hongbo,et,al.Research on rurality at village scale and rural development model:A case of Jintan city,Jiangsu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1194-1202.]
[20]李婷婷,龙花楼.基于“人口-土地-产业”视角的乡村转型发展研究:以山东省为例.经济地理,2015,35(10):149-155.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Analysis of rural transformation development from the viewpoint of'population-land-industry':The case of Shandong province.Economic Geography,2015,35(10):149-155.]
[21]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[Long Hualou,Liu Yansui,Zou Jian.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in Eastern Coastal China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[22]冯骥才.传统村落的困境与出路:兼谈传统村落是另一类文化遗产.传统村落,2013,(1):7-12.[Feng Jicai.The Dilemma and outlet of traditional villages:Also on traditional villages are another kind of cultural heritage.Traditional Village,2013,(1):7-12.]
[23]胡燕,陈晟,曹玮,等.传统村落的概念和文化内涵.城市发展研究,2014,21(1):10-13.[Hu Yan,Chen Sheng,Cao Wei,et al.The concept and cultural connotation of traditional villages.Urban Development Studies,2014,21(1):10-13.]
[24]汪芳,孙瑞敏.传统村落的集体记忆研究:对纪录片《记住乡愁》进行内容分析为例.地理研究,2015,34(12):2368-2380.[Wang Fang,Sun Ruimin.Collective memory of Chinese traditional villages:A case study of content analysis on the documentary Homesickness in Mind.Geographical Reserch,2015,34(12):2368-2380.]
[25]陆益龙.后乡土性:理解乡村社会变迁的一个理论框架.人文杂志,2016,(11):106-114.[Lu Yilong.Post-nativeity:Atheoretical framework for understanding rural social changes.The Journal of Humanities,2016,(11):106-114.]
[26]田鹏.“乡土连续统”:农民集中居住区实践样态研究:基于后乡土社会理论视角.南京农业大学学报:社会科学版,2018,18(2):77-84,159-160.[Tian Peng.Guarantee for poverty alleviation:Improvement and innovation of poverty assessment mechanism of poverty-stricken counties.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2018,18(2):77-84,159-160.]
[27]吕祖宜,林耿.混杂性:关于乡村性的再认识.地理研究,2017,36(10):1873-1885.[Lv Zuyi,Lin Geng.Hybridity:Rethinking rurality.Geographical Reserch,2017,36(10):1873-1885.]