壳聚糖联合聚合氯化铝强化混凝除藻的参数优化
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摘要
为增强饮用原水中藻类的混凝去除效果,以铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻为对象,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应曲面法考察了壳聚糖(CTS)投加量、聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量、pH值及CTS和PAC的投加顺序对CTS联合PAC混凝除藻的影响.结果表明,混凝去除铜绿微囊藻(叶绿素a含量为45～55μg/L)的最佳条件为:CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 1.19mg/L、原水pH值7.5、CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为96.1%(实测值为95.7%);混凝去除水华鱼腥藻(叶绿素a含量为80～90μg/L)的最佳条件为:CTS 0.25mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L、原水pH值7.9、先投加CTS后投加PAC,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为97.9%(实测值为97.0%).当原水pH值9.0时(模拟高藻原水的碱性环境),混凝去除铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻的最佳投药顺序均为CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,实测叶绿素a去除率分别为94.9%和95.3%;混凝铜绿微囊藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0215元/m3,混凝水华鱼腥藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.24mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0149元/m3.
The enhanced removal rate(RR) of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae as a result of the combination of chitosan(CTS) and polyaluminum chloride(PAC) was observed. In order to reveal the effects of CTS, PAC, initial pH and dosing order on coagulation, single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used. In the condition of CTS 0.40 mg/L, PAC 1.19 mg/L, raw water pH 7.5 and PAC/CTS(PAC and CTS premixed), M. aeruginosa(chlorophyll-a(chl-a) 45～55μg/L) could achieve a chl-a RR of 95.7%(close to the prediction of 96.1%). As for A. flos-aquae(chl-a 80～90μg/L), in the condition of CTS 0.25 mg/L, PAC 2.00 mg/L, raw water pH 7.9 and CTS+PAC(CTS added first), could achieve a chl-a RR of 97.0%(close to the prediction of 97.9%). At pH 9.0(a simulation of alkaline algae-containing water), compared with the other two dosing orders, the type of PAC/CTS was the most effective in removing algae, leading to a chl-a RR of 94.9% for M. aeruginosa and 95.3% for A. flos-aquae. The cost of 0.40 mg/L CTS and 2.00 mg/L PAC for M. aeruginosa removal would be $0.0215/m3 and that of 0.24 mg/L CTS and 2.00 mg/L PAC for A. flos-aquae would be $0.0149/m3.
The enhanced removal rate(RR) of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae as a result of the combination of chitosan(CTS) and polyaluminum chloride(PAC) was observed. In order to reveal the effects of CTS, PAC, initial pH and dosing order on coagulation, single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used. In the condition of CTS 0.40 mg/L, PAC 1.19 mg/L, raw water pH 7.5 and PAC/CTS(PAC and CTS premixed), M. aeruginosa(chlorophyll-a(chl-a) 45～55μg/L) could achieve a chl-a RR of 95.7%(close to the prediction of 96.1%). As for A. flos-aquae(chl-a 80～90μg/L), in the condition of CTS 0.25 mg/L, PAC 2.00 mg/L, raw water pH 7.9 and CTS+PAC(CTS added first), could achieve a chl-a RR of 97.0%(close to the prediction of 97.9%). At pH 9.0(a simulation of alkaline algae-containing water), compared with the other two dosing orders, the type of PAC/CTS was the most effective in removing algae, leading to a chl-a RR of 94.9% for M. aeruginosa and 95.3% for A. flos-aquae. The cost of 0.40 mg/L CTS and 2.00 mg/L PAC for M. aeruginosa removal would be $0.0215/m3 and that of 0.24 mg/L CTS and 2.00 mg/L PAC for A. flos-aquae would be $0.0149/m3.
引文
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[8]Dehghani M H.Removal of cyanobacterial and algal cells from water by ultrasonic waves-A review[J].Journal of Molecular Liquids,2016,222:1109-1114.
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[10]Coral L A,Zamyadi A,Barbeau B,et al.Oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae by ozone:impacts on cell integrity and chlorination by-product formation[J].Water Research,2013,47(9):2983-2994.
[11]Fan C,Li K,He Y,et al.Evaluation of magnetic chitosan beads for adsorption of heavy metal ions[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,627:1396-1403.
[12]Hosseini F,Sadighian S,Hosseini-Monfared H,et al.Dye removal and kinetics of adsorption by magnetic chitosan nanoparticles[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2016,57(1):1-9.
[13]Heiderscheidt E,Leivisk?T,Kl?ve B.Coagulation of humic waters for diffused pollution control and the influence of coagulant type on DOC fractions removed[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:883-893.
[14]Xu Y,Purton S,Baganz F.Chitosan flocculation to aid the harvesting of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,129(2):296-301.
[15]Ahmad A L,Mat Yasin N H,Derek C J C,et al.Optimization of microalgae coagulation process using chitosan[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,173(3):879-882.
[16]Lama S,Muylaert K,Karki T B,et al.Flocculation properties of several microalgae and a cyanobacterium species during ferric chloride,chitosan and alkaline flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220:464-470.
[17]Pei H,Ma C,Hu W,et al.The behaviors of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and extracellular microcystins during chitosan flocculation and flocs storage processes[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,151:314-322.
[18]Loganathan K,Saththasivam J,Sarp S.Removal of microalgae from seawater using chitosan-alum/ferric chloride dual coagulations[J].Desalination,2018,433:25-32.
[19]Ma C,Hu W,Pei H,et al.Enhancing integrated removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and adsorption of microcystins using chitosan-aluminum chloride combined coagulants:Effect of chemical dosing orders and coagulation mechanisms[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2016,490:258-267.
[20]Ng M,Liana A E,Liu S,et al.Preparation and characterisation of new-polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant[J].Water Research,2012,46(15):4614-4620.
[21]王郑,仲米贵,黄雷,等.聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂对腐殖酸的絮凝特性研究[J].环境工程,2017,35(10):61-65.Wang Z,Zhong M G,Huang L,et al.Study on flocculation characteristics of humic acid by poly aluminum chloride-chitosan composite flocculant[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(10):61-65.
[22]Zhang Z,Jing R,He S,et al.Coagulation of low temperature and low turbidity water:Adjusting basicity of polyaluminum chloride(PAC)and using chitosan as coagulant aid[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2018,206:131-139.
[23]毛玉红,冯俊杰,常青,等.壳聚糖助凝对PAC混凝过程的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1096-1102.Mao Y H,Feng J J,Chang Q,et al.Influence of chitosan coagulant aid on the coagulation process of polyaluminum chloride[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1096-1102.
[24]Mohd Yunos F H,Nasir N M,Wan Jusoh H H,et al.Harvesting of microalgae(Chlorella sp.)from aquaculture bioflocs using an environmental-friendly chitosan-based bio-coagulant[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,124:243-249.
[25]姚玲爱,赵学敏,周广杰,等.广东省高州水库春季蓝藻水华成因初步探讨[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(4):534-540.Yao L A,Zhao X M,Zhou G J,et al.Preliminary regulating factors of spring cyanobacteria bloom in Gaozhou reservoir,Guangdong province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2011,23(4):534-540.
[26]Sun F,Pei H,Hu W,et al.The cell damage of Microcystis aeruginosa in PACl coagulation and floc storage processes[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2013,115:123-128.
[27]黄昌妙,叶树才,王潮.浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法的比较分析[J].福建分析测试,2013,22(4):23-27.Huang C M,Ye S C,Wang C.Comparison on detection methods for chlorophyll a in phytoplankton[J].Fujian Analysis&Testing,2013,22(4):23-27.
[28]SL 88-2012水质叶绿素的测定分光光度法[S].SL 88-2012 Water quality-determination of chlorophyll by spectrophotometry[S].
[29]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境出版社,2002.State environmental protection administration of China.Monitoring and analysis methods for water and wastewater[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[30]Lee C S,Robinson J,Chong M F.A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2014,92(6):489-508.
[31]Ahmad A L,Mat Yasin N H,Derek C J C,et al.Optimization of microalgae coagulation process using chitosan[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,173(3):879-882.
[32]Rashid N,Rehman M S U,Han J.Use of chitosan acid solutions to improve separation efficiency for harvesting of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2013,226:238-242.
[33]侯韦竹,丁晶,赵庆良,等.响应面法优化电氧化-絮凝耦合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):948-955.Hou W Z,Ding J,Zhao Q L,et al.Optimization of electro-oxidation and electro-coagulation process for landfill leachate advanced treatment by response surface methodology[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):948-955.
[34]Wei J,Gao B,Yue Q,et al.Effect of dosing method on color removal performance and flocculation dynamics of polyferric-organic polymer dual-coagulant in synthetic dyeing solution[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2009,151(1-3):176-182.
[35]Blockx J,Verfaillie A,Thielemans W,et al.Unravelling the mechanism of chitosan-driven flocculation of microalgae in seawater as a function of p H[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2018,6(9):11273-11279.
[36]王林,吴纯德,倪木子,等.硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):156-160.Wang L,Wu C D,Ni M Z,et al.Influencing factors of Microcystis aeruginosa removal by enhanced coagulation with diatomite[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(1):156-160.
[37]杨磊,张高科,汤丹丹,等.壳聚糖改性红壤去除铜绿微囊藻[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):3745-3750.Yang L,Zhang G K,Tang D D,et al.Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by chitosan-modified red soils[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(8):3745-3750.
[38]石琦,谭纤茹,杨冬冬,等.壳聚糖和聚丙烯酰胺复合对铜绿微囊藻去除效果的研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2015,13(5):385-390.Shi Q,Tan Q R,Yang D D,et al.Removal efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa bychitosan and poly-acrylamide as flocculants[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2015,13(5):385-390.
[2]Steffen M M,Davis T W,Mckay R M L,et al.Ecophysiological examination of the lake Erie microcystis bloom in 2014linkages between biology and the water supply shutdown of Toledo,OH[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(12):6745-6755.
[3]杨晓红,蒲朝文,张仁平,等.水体微囊藻毒素污染对人群的非致癌健康风险[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(01):181-185.Yang X H,Pu C W,Zhang R P,et al.Assessment on non-carcinogenic health risk of microcystins in water environment[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):181-185.
[4]姚玲爱,许振成,赵学敏,等.高州水库水华优势种铜绿微囊藻生长特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(S1):191-197.Yao L A,Xu Z C,Zhao X M,et al.Growth characteristics of a dominate species in cyanobacterial bloom of Gaozhou reservoir,Microcystis aeruginosa[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(S1):191-197.
[5]周笑白,张宁红,张咏,等.太湖蓝藻的时空变化规律及治理方法[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(12):1930-1935.Zhou X B,Zhang N H,Zhang Y,et al.The temporal and spatial distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and its control method in Taihu Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(12):1930-1935.
[6]Zamyadi A,Macleod S L,Fan Y,et al.Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant:Amonitoring and treatment challenge[J].Water Research,2012,46(5):1511-1523.
[7]张晓东,乔俊莲,吕丽萍,等.高锰酸钾预氧化对藻活性和胞内外有机物的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(7):2708-2714.Zhang X D,Qiao J L,Lv L P,et al.Pre-oxidation effects of potassium permanganate on activity of algal cells and the organice of intracellular and extracellular[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(7):2708-2714.
[8]Dehghani M H.Removal of cyanobacterial and algal cells from water by ultrasonic waves-A review[J].Journal of Molecular Liquids,2016,222:1109-1114.
[9]Cong H,Sun F,Chen W,et al.Study on the method and mechanism of pre-pressure coagulation and sedimentation for microcystis removal from drinking-water sources[J].Environmental Technology,2018,39(4):433-449.
[10]Coral L A,Zamyadi A,Barbeau B,et al.Oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae by ozone:impacts on cell integrity and chlorination by-product formation[J].Water Research,2013,47(9):2983-2994.
[11]Fan C,Li K,He Y,et al.Evaluation of magnetic chitosan beads for adsorption of heavy metal ions[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,627:1396-1403.
[12]Hosseini F,Sadighian S,Hosseini-Monfared H,et al.Dye removal and kinetics of adsorption by magnetic chitosan nanoparticles[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2016,57(1):1-9.
[13]Heiderscheidt E,Leivisk?T,Kl?ve B.Coagulation of humic waters for diffused pollution control and the influence of coagulant type on DOC fractions removed[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:883-893.
[14]Xu Y,Purton S,Baganz F.Chitosan flocculation to aid the harvesting of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,129(2):296-301.
[15]Ahmad A L,Mat Yasin N H,Derek C J C,et al.Optimization of microalgae coagulation process using chitosan[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,173(3):879-882.
[16]Lama S,Muylaert K,Karki T B,et al.Flocculation properties of several microalgae and a cyanobacterium species during ferric chloride,chitosan and alkaline flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220:464-470.
[17]Pei H,Ma C,Hu W,et al.The behaviors of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and extracellular microcystins during chitosan flocculation and flocs storage processes[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,151:314-322.
[18]Loganathan K,Saththasivam J,Sarp S.Removal of microalgae from seawater using chitosan-alum/ferric chloride dual coagulations[J].Desalination,2018,433:25-32.
[19]Ma C,Hu W,Pei H,et al.Enhancing integrated removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and adsorption of microcystins using chitosan-aluminum chloride combined coagulants:Effect of chemical dosing orders and coagulation mechanisms[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2016,490:258-267.
[20]Ng M,Liana A E,Liu S,et al.Preparation and characterisation of new-polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant[J].Water Research,2012,46(15):4614-4620.
[21]王郑,仲米贵,黄雷,等.聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂对腐殖酸的絮凝特性研究[J].环境工程,2017,35(10):61-65.Wang Z,Zhong M G,Huang L,et al.Study on flocculation characteristics of humic acid by poly aluminum chloride-chitosan composite flocculant[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(10):61-65.
[22]Zhang Z,Jing R,He S,et al.Coagulation of low temperature and low turbidity water:Adjusting basicity of polyaluminum chloride(PAC)and using chitosan as coagulant aid[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2018,206:131-139.
[23]毛玉红,冯俊杰,常青,等.壳聚糖助凝对PAC混凝过程的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1096-1102.Mao Y H,Feng J J,Chang Q,et al.Influence of chitosan coagulant aid on the coagulation process of polyaluminum chloride[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1096-1102.
[24]Mohd Yunos F H,Nasir N M,Wan Jusoh H H,et al.Harvesting of microalgae(Chlorella sp.)from aquaculture bioflocs using an environmental-friendly chitosan-based bio-coagulant[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,124:243-249.
[25]姚玲爱,赵学敏,周广杰,等.广东省高州水库春季蓝藻水华成因初步探讨[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(4):534-540.Yao L A,Zhao X M,Zhou G J,et al.Preliminary regulating factors of spring cyanobacteria bloom in Gaozhou reservoir,Guangdong province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2011,23(4):534-540.
[26]Sun F,Pei H,Hu W,et al.The cell damage of Microcystis aeruginosa in PACl coagulation and floc storage processes[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2013,115:123-128.
[27]黄昌妙,叶树才,王潮.浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法的比较分析[J].福建分析测试,2013,22(4):23-27.Huang C M,Ye S C,Wang C.Comparison on detection methods for chlorophyll a in phytoplankton[J].Fujian Analysis&Testing,2013,22(4):23-27.
[28]SL 88-2012水质叶绿素的测定分光光度法[S].SL 88-2012 Water quality-determination of chlorophyll by spectrophotometry[S].
[29]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境出版社,2002.State environmental protection administration of China.Monitoring and analysis methods for water and wastewater[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[30]Lee C S,Robinson J,Chong M F.A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2014,92(6):489-508.
[31]Ahmad A L,Mat Yasin N H,Derek C J C,et al.Optimization of microalgae coagulation process using chitosan[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,173(3):879-882.
[32]Rashid N,Rehman M S U,Han J.Use of chitosan acid solutions to improve separation efficiency for harvesting of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2013,226:238-242.
[33]侯韦竹,丁晶,赵庆良,等.响应面法优化电氧化-絮凝耦合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):948-955.Hou W Z,Ding J,Zhao Q L,et al.Optimization of electro-oxidation and electro-coagulation process for landfill leachate advanced treatment by response surface methodology[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):948-955.
[34]Wei J,Gao B,Yue Q,et al.Effect of dosing method on color removal performance and flocculation dynamics of polyferric-organic polymer dual-coagulant in synthetic dyeing solution[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2009,151(1-3):176-182.
[35]Blockx J,Verfaillie A,Thielemans W,et al.Unravelling the mechanism of chitosan-driven flocculation of microalgae in seawater as a function of p H[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2018,6(9):11273-11279.
[36]王林,吴纯德,倪木子,等.硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):156-160.Wang L,Wu C D,Ni M Z,et al.Influencing factors of Microcystis aeruginosa removal by enhanced coagulation with diatomite[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(1):156-160.
[37]杨磊,张高科,汤丹丹,等.壳聚糖改性红壤去除铜绿微囊藻[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):3745-3750.Yang L,Zhang G K,Tang D D,et al.Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by chitosan-modified red soils[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(8):3745-3750.
[38]石琦,谭纤茹,杨冬冬,等.壳聚糖和聚丙烯酰胺复合对铜绿微囊藻去除效果的研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2015,13(5):385-390.Shi Q,Tan Q R,Yang D D,et al.Removal efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa bychitosan and poly-acrylamide as flocculants[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2015,13(5):385-390.