广西龙江突发性镉污染对鱼类影响及健康风险评估
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摘要
突发性镉污染事件能造成水体剧烈"瞬态污染"。鱼类对水体和底泥中镉的摄入吸收导致镉在鱼类组织器官中富集,周边当地居民食用受镉污染的鱼类可能存在人体健康风险。以龙江突发性镉污染事件为例,以不同类型鱼类为研究对象,于2012年2月-2013年12月期间对广西龙江进行6次采样调查,分析了不同食性和生活水层鱼类肌肉的镉含量以及基于污染指数法和健康风险评价模型研究其污染水平和健康风险。调查结果表明,从不同时段看,突发事件初期鱼类肌肉中镉含量均较高,污染较严重,其中杂食性鱼类污染指数在4.73-5.65之间,底层鱼类污染指数在5.13-6.75之间,在采取应急处置措施后以及流水冲刷稀释下鱼类肌肉对镉的累积量逐步降低;根据食性排序,不同食性鱼类肌肉的污染水平为:杂食性>肉食性>草食性;不同生活水层鱼类肌肉其排序为:底层>中下层>中上层;在健康风险方面,受镉污染的杂食性鱼类和底层鱼类均分别相比于其他食性和水层的鱼类呈现出更大的健康风险值,但除突发事件初期事件发生点附近的S5(风险值为9.03×10~(-5)?a~(-1))外,其他各监测断面鱼类肌肉中镉的平均健康风险均未超过国际防辐射委员会(ICRP)推荐的污染物所致健康危害的个人年风险最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)?a~(-1)),因而当地居民摄食本次镉污染事件的鱼类的潜在健康风险很小,但在突发事件初期应重视人们食用含镉杂食性鱼类和底层鱼类的健康风险。
The transient water pollution as a result of emergent cadmium contamination leads to cadmium accumulation in the tissues and organs of fish species through intake of cadmium from the aqueous and sedimental environment. Dietary intake of these fish species, an essential part of a balanced diet, threaten the health of local residents. To examine the pollution levels and the health risks caused by emergent cadmium contamination, this study focused on the emergent cadmium contamination event in Longjiang River. Fish species residing in different water layers of Longjiang River with different feeding habits were sampled from February,2012 to December, 2013 for six times in total, and cadmium concentrations in fish muscle were analyzed based on the pollution indexes and the health risk modelling method. Results showed that the cadmium concentrations in fish muscle at the early stage of this event were higher than those at other stages, indicating heavier pollution. At this stage, the pollution indexes of omnivorous and demersal fish species ranged from 4.73 to 5.65 and from 5.13 to 6.75 respectively. Cadmium concentrations gradually declined because of the implementation of urgent corrective actions and the flushing and dilution method. From the perspective of feeding habits, pollution levels of fish muscle followed the descending order of omnivorous>carnivorous>herbivorous. Meanwhile,pollution levels of fish species residing in different water layers decreased in the order of demersal>middle bottom layer>middle upper layer. Therefore, omnivorous and demersal fish species posed higher health risks of dietary cadmium intake compared with those residing in other water layers with other feeding habits. Except for the S5 point at the early stage of this event(risk value:9.03×10~(-5)?a~(-1)), all the average values of health risk at other sampling locations of the monitoring cross section were lower than 5.0×10~(-5)?a~(-1), the maximum acceptable value of contaminant-led health risks for a person per year specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP). This reveales that dietary intake of the fish species in this cadmium contamination event poses relative lower potential risks to the health of local residents, but health risks from the omnivorous or demersal fish species at the early stage deserve attention.
The transient water pollution as a result of emergent cadmium contamination leads to cadmium accumulation in the tissues and organs of fish species through intake of cadmium from the aqueous and sedimental environment. Dietary intake of these fish species, an essential part of a balanced diet, threaten the health of local residents. To examine the pollution levels and the health risks caused by emergent cadmium contamination, this study focused on the emergent cadmium contamination event in Longjiang River. Fish species residing in different water layers of Longjiang River with different feeding habits were sampled from February,2012 to December, 2013 for six times in total, and cadmium concentrations in fish muscle were analyzed based on the pollution indexes and the health risk modelling method. Results showed that the cadmium concentrations in fish muscle at the early stage of this event were higher than those at other stages, indicating heavier pollution. At this stage, the pollution indexes of omnivorous and demersal fish species ranged from 4.73 to 5.65 and from 5.13 to 6.75 respectively. Cadmium concentrations gradually declined because of the implementation of urgent corrective actions and the flushing and dilution method. From the perspective of feeding habits, pollution levels of fish muscle followed the descending order of omnivorous>carnivorous>herbivorous. Meanwhile,pollution levels of fish species residing in different water layers decreased in the order of demersal>middle bottom layer>middle upper layer. Therefore, omnivorous and demersal fish species posed higher health risks of dietary cadmium intake compared with those residing in other water layers with other feeding habits. Except for the S5 point at the early stage of this event(risk value:9.03×10~(-5)?a~(-1)), all the average values of health risk at other sampling locations of the monitoring cross section were lower than 5.0×10~(-5)?a~(-1), the maximum acceptable value of contaminant-led health risks for a person per year specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP). This reveales that dietary intake of the fish species in this cadmium contamination event poses relative lower potential risks to the health of local residents, but health risks from the omnivorous or demersal fish species at the early stage deserve attention.
引文
AHMAD M K,ISLAM S,RAHMAN S,et al.,2010.Heavy metals in water,sediment and some fishes of Buriganga river,Bangladesh[J].International Journal of Environmental Research,4(2):321-332.
CIARDULLO S,AURELI F,CONI E,et al.,2008.Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury,and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout(Oncorhyncus mykiss)as a function of fish growth[J].Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,56(7):2442-2451.
CRESSWELL T,SIMPSON S L,SMITH R E W,et al.,2014.Bioaccumulation and retention kinetics of cadmium in the freshwater decapod Macrobrachium australiense[J].Aquatic Toxicology,148:174-183.
CROISETIèRE L,HARE L,TESSIER A,2006.A field experiment to determine the relative importance of prey and water as sources of As,Cd,Co,Cu,Pb,and Zn for the alderfly Sialis velata[J].Environmental Science and Technology,40(3):873-879.
DANG F,WANG W X,2009.Assessment of tissue-specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet[J].Aquatic Toxicology,95(3):248-255.
EFFENDI H,2016.River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,33:562-567.
KANEKO J J,RALSTON N V,2007.Selenium and mercury in pelagic fish in the central north pacific near Hawaii[J].Biological Trace Element Research,119(3):242-254.
KOMJAROVA I,BURY N R,2014.Evidence of common cadmium and copper uptake routes in Zebrafish Danio rerio[J].Environmental Science and Technology,48(21):12946-12951.
LIU S G,LOU S,KUANG C P,et al.,2011.Water quality assessment by pollution-index method in the coastal waters of Hebei Province in western Bohai Sea,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(10):2220-2229.
MUTIA T M,VIRANI M Z,MOTURI W N,et al.,2012.Copper,lead and cadmium concentrations in surface water,sediment and fish,C.Carpio,samples from Lake Naivasha:effect of recent anthropogenic activities[J].Environmental Earth Science,67(4):1121-1130.
OBASOHAN E E,EGUAVOEN O I,2008.Seasonal variations of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in a freshwater fish(Erpetoichthys calabaricus)from Ogba River,Benin City,Nigeria[J].Indian Journal of Animal Research,42(3):171-179.
REBECCA J D,TRACY M S,KENNETH D B,2007.Copper,zinc and cadmium in marine cage fish farm sediments:An extensive survey[J].Environment Pollution,145(1):84-95.
SAHAND J,ROHANGIZ M,NEEMAT J,et al.,2017.Pollution load index for heavy metals in Mian-Ab plain soil,Khuzestan,Iran[J].Data in Brief,15:584-590.
SINHA A K,KUMAR V,HPS M,et al.,2011.Non-starch polysaccharides and their role in fish nutrition:A review[J].Food Chemistry,127(4):1409-1426.
TAN Q G,WANG W X,2011.Acute toxicity of cadmium in daphnia magna under different calcium and pH conditions:importance of influx rate[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(5):1970-1976.
US EPA,1997.Exposure factors handbook[R].Washington DC:Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment.
US EPA,2000.Framework for ecological risk assessment(EPA/630/R-92/001)[R].Washington DC:US EPA.
US EPA,2005.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment(EPA/630/P-03/001F)[R].Washington DC:US EPA.
VINCENT-AKPU I F,YANADI L O,2014.Levels of lead,iron and cadmium contamination in fish,water and sediment from Iwofe site on New Calabar River,Rivers State[J].International Journal of Extensive Research,3:10-15.
WEBER P,BEHR E R,KNORR C D L,et al.,2013.Metals in the water,sediment,and tissues of two fish species from different trophic levels in a subtropical Brazilian river[J].Microchemical Journal,106:61-66.
YILMAZ F,?ZDEMIR N,DEMIRAK A,et al.,2007.Heavy metal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomis gibbosus[J].Food Chemistry,100(2):830-835.
ZHAO S,FENG C H,QUAN W M,et al.,2012.Role of living environments in the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in fishes and crabs in the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,64(6):1163-1171.
ZHAO X M,YAO L A,MA Q L,et al.,2018.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of cadmium in water and sediment in Longjiang River,China:Implication on water quality management after pollution accident[J].Chemosphere,194:107-116.
陈玉柱,唐振柱,方志峰,等,2016.广西五地区居民营养知识、膳食行为及影响因素分析[J].中国健康教育,32(1):36-40.CHEN Y Z,TANG Z Z,FANG Z F,et al.,2016.Analysis on nutrition related knowledge,dietary status and influencing factors among residents in 5 regions of Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Health Education,32(1):36-40.
郭春晶,2013.鄱阳湖区水环境及经济鱼类重金属污染特征研究[D].南昌:南昌大学.GUO C J,2013.Study on the pollution character of heavy metals in water environment and economic fishes from Poyang Lake[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University.
刘潇威,何英,赵玉杰,等,2007.农产品中重金属风险评估的研究与进展[J].农业环境科学学报,26(1):15-18.LIU X W,HE Y,ZHAO Y J,et al.,2007.Risk assessments for heavy metals in agri-foods[J].Journal of Argo-Environment Science,26(1):15-18.
孙笑川,2016.洞庭湖主要经济鱼类的镉、铅分布特征及食用风险评价[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学.SUN X C,2016.Distribution and edible risk assessment of Cadmium,Lead in main economic fishes from Dongting Lake,China[D].Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology.
王俊能,马鹏程,张丽娟,等,2017.广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,38(6):2600-2606.WANG J N,MA P C,ZHANG L J,et al.,2017.Accumulation characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in wild fish species from Diaojiang River,Guangxi[J].Environmental Science,38(6):2600-2606.
王俊能,赵学敏,胡国成,等,2019.广西龙江鱼类镉含量分布特征及生物积累特性分析[J].环境科学,40(1):488-495.WANG J N,ZHAO X M,HU G C,et al.,2019.Distribution and bioaccumulation characteristics of cadmium in fish species from the Longjiang River in the Guangxi Autonomous Region[J].Environmental Science,40(1):488-495.
王兆群,肖扬,2013.洪泽湖鱼体内重金属含量调查[J].环境监控与预警,5(3):47-50.WANG Z Q,XIAO Y,2013.Survey of heavy metals in fish bodies of the Hongze Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning,5(3):47-50.
谢文平,朱新平,郑光明,等,2014.广东罗非鱼养殖区水体和鱼体中重金属、HCHs、DDTs含量及风险评价[J].环境科学,35(12):4663-4670.XIE W P,ZHU X P,ZHENG G M,et al.,2014.Residues and health risk assessment of HCHs,DDTs and heavy metals in water and tilapias from fish ponds of Guangdong[J].Environmental Science,35(12):4663-4670.
谢文平,朱新平,马丽莎,等,2017.珠江三角洲4种淡水养殖鱼类重金属的残留及食用风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,12(5):294-303.XIE W P,ZHU X P,MA L S,et al.,2017.Residues and safety evaluation of heavy metals in four species freshwater fish from fish pond of Pearl River Delta[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,12(5):294-303.
CIARDULLO S,AURELI F,CONI E,et al.,2008.Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury,and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout(Oncorhyncus mykiss)as a function of fish growth[J].Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,56(7):2442-2451.
CRESSWELL T,SIMPSON S L,SMITH R E W,et al.,2014.Bioaccumulation and retention kinetics of cadmium in the freshwater decapod Macrobrachium australiense[J].Aquatic Toxicology,148:174-183.
CROISETIèRE L,HARE L,TESSIER A,2006.A field experiment to determine the relative importance of prey and water as sources of As,Cd,Co,Cu,Pb,and Zn for the alderfly Sialis velata[J].Environmental Science and Technology,40(3):873-879.
DANG F,WANG W X,2009.Assessment of tissue-specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet[J].Aquatic Toxicology,95(3):248-255.
EFFENDI H,2016.River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,33:562-567.
KANEKO J J,RALSTON N V,2007.Selenium and mercury in pelagic fish in the central north pacific near Hawaii[J].Biological Trace Element Research,119(3):242-254.
KOMJAROVA I,BURY N R,2014.Evidence of common cadmium and copper uptake routes in Zebrafish Danio rerio[J].Environmental Science and Technology,48(21):12946-12951.
LIU S G,LOU S,KUANG C P,et al.,2011.Water quality assessment by pollution-index method in the coastal waters of Hebei Province in western Bohai Sea,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(10):2220-2229.
MUTIA T M,VIRANI M Z,MOTURI W N,et al.,2012.Copper,lead and cadmium concentrations in surface water,sediment and fish,C.Carpio,samples from Lake Naivasha:effect of recent anthropogenic activities[J].Environmental Earth Science,67(4):1121-1130.
OBASOHAN E E,EGUAVOEN O I,2008.Seasonal variations of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in a freshwater fish(Erpetoichthys calabaricus)from Ogba River,Benin City,Nigeria[J].Indian Journal of Animal Research,42(3):171-179.
REBECCA J D,TRACY M S,KENNETH D B,2007.Copper,zinc and cadmium in marine cage fish farm sediments:An extensive survey[J].Environment Pollution,145(1):84-95.
SAHAND J,ROHANGIZ M,NEEMAT J,et al.,2017.Pollution load index for heavy metals in Mian-Ab plain soil,Khuzestan,Iran[J].Data in Brief,15:584-590.
SINHA A K,KUMAR V,HPS M,et al.,2011.Non-starch polysaccharides and their role in fish nutrition:A review[J].Food Chemistry,127(4):1409-1426.
TAN Q G,WANG W X,2011.Acute toxicity of cadmium in daphnia magna under different calcium and pH conditions:importance of influx rate[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(5):1970-1976.
US EPA,1997.Exposure factors handbook[R].Washington DC:Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment.
US EPA,2000.Framework for ecological risk assessment(EPA/630/R-92/001)[R].Washington DC:US EPA.
US EPA,2005.Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment(EPA/630/P-03/001F)[R].Washington DC:US EPA.
VINCENT-AKPU I F,YANADI L O,2014.Levels of lead,iron and cadmium contamination in fish,water and sediment from Iwofe site on New Calabar River,Rivers State[J].International Journal of Extensive Research,3:10-15.
WEBER P,BEHR E R,KNORR C D L,et al.,2013.Metals in the water,sediment,and tissues of two fish species from different trophic levels in a subtropical Brazilian river[J].Microchemical Journal,106:61-66.
YILMAZ F,?ZDEMIR N,DEMIRAK A,et al.,2007.Heavy metal levels in two fish species Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomis gibbosus[J].Food Chemistry,100(2):830-835.
ZHAO S,FENG C H,QUAN W M,et al.,2012.Role of living environments in the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in fishes and crabs in the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,64(6):1163-1171.
ZHAO X M,YAO L A,MA Q L,et al.,2018.Distribution and ecological risk assessment of cadmium in water and sediment in Longjiang River,China:Implication on water quality management after pollution accident[J].Chemosphere,194:107-116.
陈玉柱,唐振柱,方志峰,等,2016.广西五地区居民营养知识、膳食行为及影响因素分析[J].中国健康教育,32(1):36-40.CHEN Y Z,TANG Z Z,FANG Z F,et al.,2016.Analysis on nutrition related knowledge,dietary status and influencing factors among residents in 5 regions of Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Health Education,32(1):36-40.
郭春晶,2013.鄱阳湖区水环境及经济鱼类重金属污染特征研究[D].南昌:南昌大学.GUO C J,2013.Study on the pollution character of heavy metals in water environment and economic fishes from Poyang Lake[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University.
刘潇威,何英,赵玉杰,等,2007.农产品中重金属风险评估的研究与进展[J].农业环境科学学报,26(1):15-18.LIU X W,HE Y,ZHAO Y J,et al.,2007.Risk assessments for heavy metals in agri-foods[J].Journal of Argo-Environment Science,26(1):15-18.
孙笑川,2016.洞庭湖主要经济鱼类的镉、铅分布特征及食用风险评价[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学.SUN X C,2016.Distribution and edible risk assessment of Cadmium,Lead in main economic fishes from Dongting Lake,China[D].Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology.
王俊能,马鹏程,张丽娟,等,2017.广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,38(6):2600-2606.WANG J N,MA P C,ZHANG L J,et al.,2017.Accumulation characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in wild fish species from Diaojiang River,Guangxi[J].Environmental Science,38(6):2600-2606.
王俊能,赵学敏,胡国成,等,2019.广西龙江鱼类镉含量分布特征及生物积累特性分析[J].环境科学,40(1):488-495.WANG J N,ZHAO X M,HU G C,et al.,2019.Distribution and bioaccumulation characteristics of cadmium in fish species from the Longjiang River in the Guangxi Autonomous Region[J].Environmental Science,40(1):488-495.
王兆群,肖扬,2013.洪泽湖鱼体内重金属含量调查[J].环境监控与预警,5(3):47-50.WANG Z Q,XIAO Y,2013.Survey of heavy metals in fish bodies of the Hongze Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning,5(3):47-50.
谢文平,朱新平,郑光明,等,2014.广东罗非鱼养殖区水体和鱼体中重金属、HCHs、DDTs含量及风险评价[J].环境科学,35(12):4663-4670.XIE W P,ZHU X P,ZHENG G M,et al.,2014.Residues and health risk assessment of HCHs,DDTs and heavy metals in water and tilapias from fish ponds of Guangdong[J].Environmental Science,35(12):4663-4670.
谢文平,朱新平,马丽莎,等,2017.珠江三角洲4种淡水养殖鱼类重金属的残留及食用风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,12(5):294-303.XIE W P,ZHU X P,MA L S,et al.,2017.Residues and safety evaluation of heavy metals in four species freshwater fish from fish pond of Pearl River Delta[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,12(5):294-303.