国家公园的一半是暗夜:暗夜星空研究的美国经验及中国路径
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摘要
暗夜星空是自然价值、文化价值、经济价值、荒野价值的综合载体,是国家公园和自然保护地的重要保护对象之一。中国有大量研究聚焦于国家公园与自然保护地体系建设的相关领域,但针对暗夜星空的研究尚少。美国国家公园管理局认为暗夜星空是"国家公园的一半",并在保护与利用方面取得了突出成绩,其经验值得借鉴。通过介绍美国国家公园管理局的经验,包含暗夜星空的概念界定、保护价值、保护需求,分析国家公园体系单位的保护优势,从星空监测、规划设计、访客管理、活动组织、价值展示、法律保障、国际合作等方面总结保护管理举措和保障措施。最后,分析中国开展暗夜星空保护与研究的必要性和可行性,从"筑境之道""营境之理""成境之术"3方面对中国的暗夜星空保护和研究提出建议。
Night Skies is a comprehensive carrier of natural, cultural, economic and wilderness values. In this way, U.S. National Park Service points out that "half the park is after dark" and it has made superior achievements in conservation and utilization of night skies. In contrast, in China, although countless researches have focused on national parks and the protected area system, few are related to night skies.This paper introduces the experience of the U.S. National Park Service on night skies conservation, including the definition, protective value and requirements. By analyzing the conservative advantages of the U.S.national park system units, it summarizes the conservation and management measures of Night Skies, such as monitoring, planning and design, visitor management, event organization, value display, legal protection,as well as international cooperation. Finally, the paper analyzes the necessity and feasibility of carrying out the conservation measures and research programs of night skies in China, and proposes suggestions in this field from the angles of method, theory and technology.
Night Skies is a comprehensive carrier of natural, cultural, economic and wilderness values. In this way, U.S. National Park Service points out that "half the park is after dark" and it has made superior achievements in conservation and utilization of night skies. In contrast, in China, although countless researches have focused on national parks and the protected area system, few are related to night skies.This paper introduces the experience of the U.S. National Park Service on night skies conservation, including the definition, protective value and requirements. By analyzing the conservative advantages of the U.S.national park system units, it summarizes the conservation and management measures of Night Skies, such as monitoring, planning and design, visitor management, event organization, value display, legal protection,as well as international cooperation. Finally, the paper analyzes the necessity and feasibility of carrying out the conservation measures and research programs of night skies in China, and proposes suggestions in this field from the angles of method, theory and technology.
引文
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[24]杨锐.论“境”与“境其地”[J].中国园林,2014,30(6):5-11.
[2]李军红.基于低碳旅游的夜空公园开发研究[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(3):106-110.
[3]刘鸣,马剑,张宝刚.城市夜景照明中的光污染和暗天空保护的研究[J].城市规划,2008(8):70-73.
[4]苏晓明,郝占国,张明宇.国内外夜空亮度测量研究进展[J].照明工程学报,2015,26(2):37-41.
[5]郝影,李文君,张朋,等.国内外光污染研究现状综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(S1):273-275.
[6]马俊涛,杨春宇,张志远,等.对光污染生态影响的关注与思考[J].灯与照明,2015,39(4):29-32.
[7]NationalParkService.NPSManagementPolicies1988[EB/OL].(2006-08-31)[2019-03-39].https://www.nps.gov/policy/mp/policies.html.
[8]FABIOF,PIERANTONIOC,DAND,etal.The NewWorldAtlasofArtificialNightSkyBrightness[J].ScienceAdvances,2016,2(6):e1600377.DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1600377.
[9]CINZANOP,ELVIDGECD.Nightskybrightnessat sitesfromsatellitedata[J].Memorie-SocietaAstronomica Italiana, 2003, 74(2):456-457.
[10] NORDGREN T. Stars Above, Earth Below:A Guide to Astronomy in the National Parks[M]. Berlin:Springer-Praxis,2010.
[11] RICH C, LONGCORE T. Ecological Consequences of Artificial Lighting[M]. Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2006.
[12]NationalParkService.NightSkiesasaCulturalHistoricalResource[EB/OL].(2018-07-23)[2019-03-39].https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nightskies/cultural.html.
[13]GALLAWAYT.OnLightPollution,PassivePleasures,andtheInstrumentalValueofBeauty[J].Journalof Economic Issues, 2010, 44(1):71-88.
[14]HUNTERT,CRAWFORDD.TheEconomicsofLight Pollution[J]. Light Pollution, 1991, 17:89.
[15]曹越,杨锐.中国荒野研究框架与关键课题[J].中国园林,2017,33(6):10-15.
[16] BORTLE J E. Introducing the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale[J].Sky&Telescope, 2001, 101(2):126-129.
[17] Dark Skies Awareness. Sky Brightness Nomogram[EB/OL].(2009-05-17)[2019-03-39]. http://www.darkskiesawareness.org/nomogram.php.
[18] Globe at night. VU sing Sky Quality Meters to Measure Sky Brightness[EB/OL].(2016-06-13)[2019-03-39]. https://www.globeatnight.org/sqm.php#Observations1.
[19] DURISCOE D M, LUGINBUHL C B, MOORE C A. Measuring Night-SkyBrightnesswithaWide-FieldCCDCamera[J].Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2007,119(852):192-213.
[20]SHAFFERR.BookReview:ParksAfterDark:A Beginner’sGuidetoStargazinginTheNationalParks/WesternNationalParksAssociation,2006[J].Sky&Telescope, 2007, 7(7):49-70.
[21] TIMOTHY T. Astronomy Adventures and Vacations:How to Get the Most out of Astronomy in your Leisure Time[M].New York:Springer, 2017.
[22]杨锐.国家公园与自然保护地研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.
[23]曹越,龙瀛,杨锐.中国大陆国土尺度荒野地识别与空间分布研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(6):26-33.
[24]杨锐.论“境”与“境其地”[J].中国园林,2014,30(6):5-11.