福建省露地及设施蔬菜烟粉虱越冬种群密度及耐寒性研究
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摘要
2017年1月9—12日和2月21—24日,在南平建瓯、三明将乐、三明三元、福州闽侯、龙岩新罗以及漳州龙海等6个地区,调查了大棚和露地烟粉虱越冬寄主及种群密度,以期明确福建省露地及设施蔬菜烟粉虱越冬规律,为烟粉虱的综合治理提供理论依据。共记录烟粉虱越冬寄主6科16种,主要包括栽培蔬菜花椰菜、番茄、茄子以及阔叶类杂草龙葵、小飞蓬、辣子草和胜红蓟。在露地花椰菜上,烟粉虱越冬虫口密度1月份显著高于2月份;花椰菜采后残株上的越冬虫口密度显著高于莲座期和花球形成期。在温室大棚中,休耕大棚中越冬虫口密度显著高于生产大棚。无论是蔬菜还是杂草,温室大棚中的越冬虫口密度显著高于露地。烟粉虱各虫态均可在各地温室大棚和漳州露地越冬,而在南平和三明等温度较低的地区以卵和伪蛹在露地越冬。在蔬菜上发现越冬烟粉虱有MEAM1隐种和MED隐种,温室大棚中两隐种数量分别为57只和111只,温室大棚可能有助于MED隐种定殖。室内耐寒性测定证实卵和高龄若虫比低龄若虫以及成虫更耐寒,烟粉虱在花椰菜、龙葵和辣子草上的世代存活率分别为83.7%、79.3%和81.6%,世代发育历期分别为18.9 d、16.7 d和18.8 d,龙葵和辣子草是烟粉虱适宜的越冬杂草寄主。综上,烟粉虱可在福建省露地越冬,温室大棚加重了烟粉虱的发生为害。
In order to clarify the overwintering mechanisms of sweetpotato whitefly [Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)] in open fields and greenhouse vegetable production systems in Fujian Province, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for integrated pest management of B. tabaci, field surveys were conducted at six sites(Jian'ou County of Nanping City; Jiangle County and Sanyuan District of Sanming City; Minhou County of Fuzhou City; Xinluo District of Longyan City; and Longhai County of Zhangzhou City) in January 9–12 and February 21–24, 2017. Sixteen B. tabaci host plants belonging to six families were found, which included the following vegetables: broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.), and broadleaved weeds: Solanum nigrum L., Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronq., Ranunculus sieboldii Miq., and Ageratum conyzoides L. For broccoli grown in open fields, significantly greater densities of overwintering B. tabaci were found in January than in February, and substantially greater densities of B. tabaci were detected on postharvest broccoli residuals than those on broccoli at the rosette and the head development stages. There were significantly higher densities of overwintering B. tabaci in fallow greenhouses than in productive greenhouses. Markedly greater densities of overwintering B. tabaci were found in greenhouses than in open fields, regardless of whether the host plants were vegetables or broadleaved weeds. All life stages for overwintering B. tabaci were found in greenhouses across the province and in open fields in Zhangzhou, but eggs and pseudopupa were found in open fields in the Nanping and Sanming areas, where the temperature was low. Overwintering B. tabaci cryptic species MEAM1 and MED were detected in vegetables; in all, there were 57 and 111 individuals, respectively, of the two cryptic species. We inferred that the usage of greenhouses may promote the establishment of the cryptic species MED in the Fujian Province. We then carried out laboratory experiments to test the cold tolerance of B. tabaci and to test the suitability of broadleaved weeds for the development of B. tabaci. We demonstrated that eggs and old nymphs of B. tabaci could tolerate cold stress better than adults and young nymph. B. tabaci had comparable generational survival rates on broadleaved weeds S. nigrum(79.3%) and R. sieboldii(81.1%), lower than that on B. oleracea var. botrytis(83.6%), a common crop widely grown in Fujian Province during winter. The generational developmental duration of B. tabaci was significantly shorter on S. nigrum(16.7 d) than on B. oleracea var. botrytis(18.9 d), which was similar to that on R. sieboldii(18.8 d), implying that broadleaved weeds serve as important potential alternatives to vegetable crops as host plants for B. tabaci in winter. In summary, B. tabaci can overwinter successfully in the open fields in Fujian Province, and the establishment of greenhouses promotes the development of overwintering B. tabaci.
In order to clarify the overwintering mechanisms of sweetpotato whitefly [Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)] in open fields and greenhouse vegetable production systems in Fujian Province, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for integrated pest management of B. tabaci, field surveys were conducted at six sites(Jian'ou County of Nanping City; Jiangle County and Sanyuan District of Sanming City; Minhou County of Fuzhou City; Xinluo District of Longyan City; and Longhai County of Zhangzhou City) in January 9–12 and February 21–24, 2017. Sixteen B. tabaci host plants belonging to six families were found, which included the following vegetables: broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.), and broadleaved weeds: Solanum nigrum L., Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronq., Ranunculus sieboldii Miq., and Ageratum conyzoides L. For broccoli grown in open fields, significantly greater densities of overwintering B. tabaci were found in January than in February, and substantially greater densities of B. tabaci were detected on postharvest broccoli residuals than those on broccoli at the rosette and the head development stages. There were significantly higher densities of overwintering B. tabaci in fallow greenhouses than in productive greenhouses. Markedly greater densities of overwintering B. tabaci were found in greenhouses than in open fields, regardless of whether the host plants were vegetables or broadleaved weeds. All life stages for overwintering B. tabaci were found in greenhouses across the province and in open fields in Zhangzhou, but eggs and pseudopupa were found in open fields in the Nanping and Sanming areas, where the temperature was low. Overwintering B. tabaci cryptic species MEAM1 and MED were detected in vegetables; in all, there were 57 and 111 individuals, respectively, of the two cryptic species. We inferred that the usage of greenhouses may promote the establishment of the cryptic species MED in the Fujian Province. We then carried out laboratory experiments to test the cold tolerance of B. tabaci and to test the suitability of broadleaved weeds for the development of B. tabaci. We demonstrated that eggs and old nymphs of B. tabaci could tolerate cold stress better than adults and young nymph. B. tabaci had comparable generational survival rates on broadleaved weeds S. nigrum(79.3%) and R. sieboldii(81.1%), lower than that on B. oleracea var. botrytis(83.6%), a common crop widely grown in Fujian Province during winter. The generational developmental duration of B. tabaci was significantly shorter on S. nigrum(16.7 d) than on B. oleracea var. botrytis(18.9 d), which was similar to that on R. sieboldii(18.8 d), implying that broadleaved weeds serve as important potential alternatives to vegetable crops as host plants for B. tabaci in winter. In summary, B. tabaci can overwinter successfully in the open fields in Fujian Province, and the establishment of greenhouses promotes the development of overwintering B. tabaci.
引文
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[11]崔洪莹,郭慧娟,戈峰.烟粉虱的耐寒能力与自然越冬北界分析[J].植物保护,2011,37(1):65-69CUI H Y,GUO H J,GE F.The cold hardiness and northern distribution boundary of overwintering whiteflies,Bemisia tabaci,in China[J].Plant Protection,2011,37(1):65-69
[12]董国堃,林凌伟,叶建人,等.外来入侵生物烟粉虱的发生规律及防治技术[J].浙江农业科学,2005,(1):54-56DONG G K,LIN L W,YE J R,et al.Occurrence pattern and control of a biological invader Bemisia tabaci[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2005,(1):54-56
[13]周国珍,罗汉钢,刘美刚,等.湖北省烟粉虱露地越冬寄主及影响因素分析[J].湖北农业科学,2014,53(12):2808-2811ZHOU G Z,LUO H G,LIU M G,et al.Overwintering host of Bemisia tabacie in open field and its impacting factors in Hubei Province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2014,53(12):2808-2811
[14]MU?IZ M.Host suitability of two biotypes of Bemisia tabaci on some common weeds[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2000,95(1):63-70
[15]何玉仙,翁启勇,黄建,等.烟粉虱田间种群的抗药性[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1578-1582HE Y X,WENG Q Y,HUANG J,et al.Insecticide resistance of Bemisia tabaci field populations[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(7):1578-1582
[16]郑宇,赵建伟,何玉仙,等.福建省烟粉虱田间种群抗药性发展及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):271-277ZHENG Y,ZHAO J W,HE Y X,et al.Development of insecticide resistance and its effect factors in field population of Bemisia tabaci in Fujian Province,East China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(1):271-277
[17]LEATHER E R,WALTER K F A,BALE J S.The Ecology of Insect Overwintering[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University press,1993
[18]农业部全国植物保护总站.中国农田杂草图册(第一集)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1988National Plant Protection Station of Ministry of Agriculture.Atlas of Farmland Weeds in China(Volume one)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,1988
[19]马承忠.农田杂草识别及防除--幼苗和成株简明图鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999MA C Z.Farmland Weeds Identification and Control-ABrief Atlas of Seedling and Adult Plant[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999
[20]郑宇,姚凤銮,黄晓燕,等.福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传结构特征[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(1):78-83ZHENG Y,YAO F L,HUANG X Y,et al.Genetic structure of the geographical populations of tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in Fujian,China[J].Journal of Plant Protection,2016,43(1):78-83
[21]SHATTERS J R R G,POWELL C A,BOYKIN L M,et al.Improved DNA barcoding method for Bemisia tabaci and related Aleyrodidae:Development of universal and Bemisia tabaci biotype-specific mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidaseⅠpolymerase chain reaction primers[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2009,102(2):750-758
[22]MOUND L A,HALSEY S H.Whitefly of the World[M].London:British Museum(Natural History),John Wily&Sons Inc.,1978
[23]SECKER A E,BEDFORD I A,MARKHAM P G,et al.Squash,a reliable field indicator for the presence of B biotype of tobacco whitefly,Bemisia tabaci[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Brighton Crop Protection Conference:Pests and Diseases.London:British Crop Protection Council,1998:837-842
[24]BROWN J K.Current status of Bemisia tabaci as a plant pest and virus vector in agroecosystems worldwide[J].FAO Plant Protection Bulletin,1994,42(1/2):3-32
[25]何玉仙,杨秀娟,翁启勇.农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报[J].华东昆虫学报,2003,12(2):16-20HE Y X,YANG X J,WENG Q Y.Investigations of host plants of Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in agricultural field[J].Entomological Journal of East China,2003,12(2):16-20
[26]LIN K J,WU K M,ZHANG Y J,et al.Overwintering and population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci biotype B in greenhouse during the spring in northern China[J].Crop Protection,2007,26(12):1831-1838
[27]付雪,叶乐夫,王贵强,等.黑龙江地区烟粉虱和温室白粉虱发生动态[J].应用昆虫学报,2011,48(1):32-37FU X,YE L F,WANG G Q,et al.Occurrence and development for Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum in Heilongjiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2011,48(1):32-37
[28]张万民,李洪冉,朴春树,等.辽宁省冬季温室内越冬粉虱伪蛹的种类鉴定及烟粉虱体内番茄黄化曲叶病毒的检测[J].昆虫学报,2013,56(8):945-951ZHANG W M,LI H R,PIAO C S,et al.Species identification of over-wintering whitefly pseudo-pupae and detection of the infection status of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Bemisia tabaci in winter greenhouses in Liaoning,northeastern China[J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2013,56(8):945-951
[29]CHU D,GUO D,TAO Y L,et al.Evidence for rapid spatiotemporal changes in genetic structure of an alien whitefly during initial invasion[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:4396
[30]邱宝利,任顺祥,孙同兴,等.广州地区烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报[J].华南农业大学学报,2001,22(4):43-47QIU B L,REN S X,SUN T X,et al.Investigation of host plants of Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in Guangzhou Area[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2001,22(4):43-47
[2]张芝利,罗晨.我国烟粉虱的发生危害和防治对策[J].植物保护,2001,27(2):25-30ZHANG Z L,LUO C.Occurrence and control countermeasures of Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in China[J].Plant Protection,2001,27(2):25-30
[3]REN S X,WANG Z Z,QIU B L,et al.The pest status of Bemisia tabaci in China and non-chemical control strategies[J].Entomologia Sinica,2001,8(3):279-288
[4]褚栋,张友军,丛斌,等.云南Q型烟粉虱种群的鉴定[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(1):54-56CHU D,ZHANG Y J,CONG B,et al.Identification for Yunnan Q-biotype Bemisia tabaci population[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2005,42(1):54-56
[5]HU J,DE BARRO P J,ZHAO H,et al.An extensive field survey combined with a phylogenetic analysis reveals rapid and widespread invasion of two alien whiteflies in China[J].PLoS One,2011,6(1):e16061
[6]PAN H P,CHU D,GE D Q,et al.Further spread of and domination by Bemisia tabaci(Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae)biotype Q on field crops in China[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2011,104(3):978-985
[7]YAO F L,ZHENG Y,HUANG X Y,et al.Dynamics of Bemisia tabaci biotypes and insecticide resistance in Fujian province in China during 2005-2014[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:40803
[8]沈斌斌,任顺祥,吴建辉,等.烟粉虱在黄瓜上的种群动态及其越冬情况调查与分析[J].仲恺农业技术学院学报,2003,16(4):21-26SHEN B B,REN S X,WU J H,et al.Investigation on population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci and its overwintering in cucumber planted field[J].Journal of Zhongkai Agrotechnical College,2003,16(4):21-26
[9]陈春丽,郅军锐,戈峰,等.我国烟粉虱早春发生与秋季消退[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5691-5701CHEN C L,ZHI J R,GE F,et al.Appearance in spring and disappearance in autumn of Bemisia tabaci in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(19):5691-5701
[10]王勇,周福才,鞠瑞亭,等.江苏地区烟粉虱的越冬研究[J].华东昆虫学报,2007,16(2):87-91WANG Y,ZHOU F C,JU R T,et al.Studies on overwinter of Bemisia tabaci in Jiangsu Province[J].Entomological Journal of East China,2007,16(2):87-91
[11]崔洪莹,郭慧娟,戈峰.烟粉虱的耐寒能力与自然越冬北界分析[J].植物保护,2011,37(1):65-69CUI H Y,GUO H J,GE F.The cold hardiness and northern distribution boundary of overwintering whiteflies,Bemisia tabaci,in China[J].Plant Protection,2011,37(1):65-69
[12]董国堃,林凌伟,叶建人,等.外来入侵生物烟粉虱的发生规律及防治技术[J].浙江农业科学,2005,(1):54-56DONG G K,LIN L W,YE J R,et al.Occurrence pattern and control of a biological invader Bemisia tabaci[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2005,(1):54-56
[13]周国珍,罗汉钢,刘美刚,等.湖北省烟粉虱露地越冬寄主及影响因素分析[J].湖北农业科学,2014,53(12):2808-2811ZHOU G Z,LUO H G,LIU M G,et al.Overwintering host of Bemisia tabacie in open field and its impacting factors in Hubei Province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2014,53(12):2808-2811
[14]MU?IZ M.Host suitability of two biotypes of Bemisia tabaci on some common weeds[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2000,95(1):63-70
[15]何玉仙,翁启勇,黄建,等.烟粉虱田间种群的抗药性[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1578-1582HE Y X,WENG Q Y,HUANG J,et al.Insecticide resistance of Bemisia tabaci field populations[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(7):1578-1582
[16]郑宇,赵建伟,何玉仙,等.福建省烟粉虱田间种群抗药性发展及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):271-277ZHENG Y,ZHAO J W,HE Y X,et al.Development of insecticide resistance and its effect factors in field population of Bemisia tabaci in Fujian Province,East China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(1):271-277
[17]LEATHER E R,WALTER K F A,BALE J S.The Ecology of Insect Overwintering[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University press,1993
[18]农业部全国植物保护总站.中国农田杂草图册(第一集)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1988National Plant Protection Station of Ministry of Agriculture.Atlas of Farmland Weeds in China(Volume one)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,1988
[19]马承忠.农田杂草识别及防除--幼苗和成株简明图鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999MA C Z.Farmland Weeds Identification and Control-ABrief Atlas of Seedling and Adult Plant[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999
[20]郑宇,姚凤銮,黄晓燕,等.福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传结构特征[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(1):78-83ZHENG Y,YAO F L,HUANG X Y,et al.Genetic structure of the geographical populations of tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in Fujian,China[J].Journal of Plant Protection,2016,43(1):78-83
[21]SHATTERS J R R G,POWELL C A,BOYKIN L M,et al.Improved DNA barcoding method for Bemisia tabaci and related Aleyrodidae:Development of universal and Bemisia tabaci biotype-specific mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidaseⅠpolymerase chain reaction primers[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2009,102(2):750-758
[22]MOUND L A,HALSEY S H.Whitefly of the World[M].London:British Museum(Natural History),John Wily&Sons Inc.,1978
[23]SECKER A E,BEDFORD I A,MARKHAM P G,et al.Squash,a reliable field indicator for the presence of B biotype of tobacco whitefly,Bemisia tabaci[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Brighton Crop Protection Conference:Pests and Diseases.London:British Crop Protection Council,1998:837-842
[24]BROWN J K.Current status of Bemisia tabaci as a plant pest and virus vector in agroecosystems worldwide[J].FAO Plant Protection Bulletin,1994,42(1/2):3-32
[25]何玉仙,杨秀娟,翁启勇.农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报[J].华东昆虫学报,2003,12(2):16-20HE Y X,YANG X J,WENG Q Y.Investigations of host plants of Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)in agricultural field[J].Entomological Journal of East China,2003,12(2):16-20
[26]LIN K J,WU K M,ZHANG Y J,et al.Overwintering and population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci biotype B in greenhouse during the spring in northern China[J].Crop Protection,2007,26(12):1831-1838
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