英汉语法体标记的内在共性与启示
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摘要
英汉语法体形式标记具有共性,与"领有"和"存在"形式标记呈现一致性:即英汉完成体与"领有"借助HAVE(有)标记,进行体和"存在"借助介词标记。语法形式上的共性预示了语法体貌意义上的一致性。该研究有助于进一步探讨进行体中动词-ing形式的渊源以及BE的本质属性。
This research argues for grammatical aspect homogeneity between English and Chinese, and their relations with "possession" and "existence" respectively,by means of HAVE to express PERFECT and POSSESSION, and ON for PROGRESSIVE and EXISTENCE. We also demonstrate the homogeneity for their meanings in both languages. It is hoped that the result finds a new way for furthering study of source of-ing form and nature of BE in English.
This research argues for grammatical aspect homogeneity between English and Chinese, and their relations with "possession" and "existence" respectively,by means of HAVE to express PERFECT and POSSESSION, and ON for PROGRESSIVE and EXISTENCE. We also demonstrate the homogeneity for their meanings in both languages. It is hoped that the result finds a new way for furthering study of source of-ing form and nature of BE in English.
引文
[1]Chao,Y.R.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese[M].Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1968.
[2]Dikken,M.D.Particles:On the Syntax of Verb-Particle,Triadic,and Causative Constructions[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
[3]Dikken,M.D.Relators and Linkers:The Syntax of Predication,Predicate Inversion,and Copulas[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2006.
[4]Dryer,M.S.The Greenbergian word order correlations[J].Language,1992(1):81-138.
[5]Elsness,J.On the progression of the progressive in early modern English[J].International Computer Archive of Modern English Journal,1994(18):5-25.
[6]Freeze,R.Existentials and other locatives[J].Language,1992(3):553-595.
[7]Jespersen,O.The Philosophy of Grammar[M].London:George Allen&Unwin Ltd,1931.
[8]Lyons,J.Semantics[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1977.
[9]Rissanen,M.Helsinki Corpus[DB/OL].(1991)[2018-03-17]http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/Helsinki Corpus/.
[10]Vendler,Z.Linguistics in Philosophy[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1967.
[11]Verkuyl,H.J.Aspectual asymmetry and quantification[A].In V.Ehrich.&H.Vater(eds.).Temporal Semantik:Beitrige zur Linguistik der Zeitreferenz[C].Tübingen:Niemeyer Verlag,1988:220-259.
[12]Wang,W.S.Y.Two aspect markers in Mandarin[J].Language,1965(3):457-470.
[13]Wu,Y.The interpretation of copular constructions in Chinese:Semantic underspecification and pragmatic enrichment[J].Lingua,2011(5):851-870.
[14]戴耀晶.现代汉语表示持续体的“着”的语义分析[J].语言教学与研究,1991(2):92-106.
[15]胡建华.现代汉语不及物动词的论元和宾语---从抽象动词“有”到句法-信息结构接口[J].中国语文,2008(5):396-409.
[16]姜兆梓.“吃食堂”及其相关句式中的非对称性[J].现代外语,2015(1):15-25.
[17]金立鑫.词尾“了”的时体意义及其句法条件[J].世界汉语教学,2002(1):34-43.
[18]林若望.再论词尾“了”的时体意义[J].中国语文,2017(1):3-21.
[19]刘晓林.英汉语序类型特征形态句法基础对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015.
[20]刘勋宁.现代汉语词尾“了”的语法意义[J].中国语文,1988(5):312-330.
[21]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[22]税昌锡.事件过程与存现构式中的“了”和“着”[J].语言科学,2011(3):231-245.
[23]沈家煊.英汉否定词的分合和名动的分合[J].中国语文,2010(5):387-399.
[24]沈家煊.名词和动词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2016.
[25]王冬梅.从“是”和“的”,“有”和“了”看肯定和叙述[J].中国语文,2014(1):22-34.
[26]王文斌,何清强.论英语“be”与汉语“是/有/在”[J].外国语,2014(5):2-10.
[27]郑懿德.福州方言的“有”字句[J].方言,1985(4):309-313.
[28]朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[29]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
① 语法体的表达具有多样性(Dryer 1992:98)。这一论述的启示是:无法以英语作为绝对的参考标准考察汉语语法现象,只能从部分或局部出发进行对比研究。
② 刘晓林(2015:88-93)也认为汉语中的“有”是一个体标记,并从共时和历时的角度对HAVE和“有”的体功能用法做了简略比较。
③ 依据Elsness(1994:5),英语进行体中使用动词ing形式这一用法并未出现于和英语近似的语言中。
④ 国外有的学者(Dikken 2006)认为BE可能仅仅具有句法倒装作用,如:(1) a.John is the boy.The boy is John.b.The book is on the table.On the table is a book.(2) a.I consider John my best friend.b.*I consider my best friend John.c.I consider John to be my best friend.d.I consider my best friend to be John.尤其(2a)和(2b)与(2c)和(2d)之间的在倒装中非法与合法的不对称性似乎凸显出了BE的作用。
[2]Dikken,M.D.Particles:On the Syntax of Verb-Particle,Triadic,and Causative Constructions[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
[3]Dikken,M.D.Relators and Linkers:The Syntax of Predication,Predicate Inversion,and Copulas[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2006.
[4]Dryer,M.S.The Greenbergian word order correlations[J].Language,1992(1):81-138.
[5]Elsness,J.On the progression of the progressive in early modern English[J].International Computer Archive of Modern English Journal,1994(18):5-25.
[6]Freeze,R.Existentials and other locatives[J].Language,1992(3):553-595.
[7]Jespersen,O.The Philosophy of Grammar[M].London:George Allen&Unwin Ltd,1931.
[8]Lyons,J.Semantics[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1977.
[9]Rissanen,M.Helsinki Corpus[DB/OL].(1991)[2018-03-17]http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/Helsinki Corpus/.
[10]Vendler,Z.Linguistics in Philosophy[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1967.
[11]Verkuyl,H.J.Aspectual asymmetry and quantification[A].In V.Ehrich.&H.Vater(eds.).Temporal Semantik:Beitrige zur Linguistik der Zeitreferenz[C].Tübingen:Niemeyer Verlag,1988:220-259.
[12]Wang,W.S.Y.Two aspect markers in Mandarin[J].Language,1965(3):457-470.
[13]Wu,Y.The interpretation of copular constructions in Chinese:Semantic underspecification and pragmatic enrichment[J].Lingua,2011(5):851-870.
[14]戴耀晶.现代汉语表示持续体的“着”的语义分析[J].语言教学与研究,1991(2):92-106.
[15]胡建华.现代汉语不及物动词的论元和宾语---从抽象动词“有”到句法-信息结构接口[J].中国语文,2008(5):396-409.
[16]姜兆梓.“吃食堂”及其相关句式中的非对称性[J].现代外语,2015(1):15-25.
[17]金立鑫.词尾“了”的时体意义及其句法条件[J].世界汉语教学,2002(1):34-43.
[18]林若望.再论词尾“了”的时体意义[J].中国语文,2017(1):3-21.
[19]刘晓林.英汉语序类型特征形态句法基础对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2015.
[20]刘勋宁.现代汉语词尾“了”的语法意义[J].中国语文,1988(5):312-330.
[21]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[22]税昌锡.事件过程与存现构式中的“了”和“着”[J].语言科学,2011(3):231-245.
[23]沈家煊.英汉否定词的分合和名动的分合[J].中国语文,2010(5):387-399.
[24]沈家煊.名词和动词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2016.
[25]王冬梅.从“是”和“的”,“有”和“了”看肯定和叙述[J].中国语文,2014(1):22-34.
[26]王文斌,何清强.论英语“be”与汉语“是/有/在”[J].外国语,2014(5):2-10.
[27]郑懿德.福州方言的“有”字句[J].方言,1985(4):309-313.
[28]朱德熙.语法讲义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[29]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
① 语法体的表达具有多样性(Dryer 1992:98)。这一论述的启示是:无法以英语作为绝对的参考标准考察汉语语法现象,只能从部分或局部出发进行对比研究。
② 刘晓林(2015:88-93)也认为汉语中的“有”是一个体标记,并从共时和历时的角度对HAVE和“有”的体功能用法做了简略比较。
③ 依据Elsness(1994:5),英语进行体中使用动词ing形式这一用法并未出现于和英语近似的语言中。
④ 国外有的学者(Dikken 2006)认为BE可能仅仅具有句法倒装作用,如:(1) a.John is the boy.The boy is John.b.The book is on the table.On the table is a book.(2) a.I consider John my best friend.b.*I consider my best friend John.c.I consider John to be my best friend.d.I consider my best friend to be John.尤其(2a)和(2b)与(2c)和(2d)之间的在倒装中非法与合法的不对称性似乎凸显出了BE的作用。