基于指数分析法的乌鲁木齐市居住格局研究
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摘要
乌鲁木齐作为新疆的首府城市,是中国西部地区重要的经济中心,在我国城市体系格局中发挥着重要的作用,通过研究乌鲁木齐市人口居住格局对乌鲁木齐城市空间规划提供指导。以乌鲁木齐市为研究区域,利用城市空间的扩展印证居住空间格局变化宏观特征,将"居住格局"作为切入点,利用莫兰指数并借助ArcGIS技术分析该区域不同属性人口的居住格局。结果显示:乌鲁木齐市城市居民用地主要沿西北方向的新市区延伸、西山方向扩展、沿东山方向扩展,并沿着老城区的外缘扩展;不同年龄人口中学龄人口和老年人口的聚集现象较为明显,劳动人口的聚集现象并不显著,不同受教育程度人口中小学及初中人口和大专以上人口比重指标Moran’s I值较高,文盲人口比重指标Moran’s I值相对较低,高中人口在空间上呈现负相关;2000—2016年所有区域学龄人口、老年人口空间分异指数都有所上升,劳动人口分异指数在沙依巴克区和水磨沟区有所下降,说明老龄化现象越来越明显,1990—2000年文盲人口在头屯河区处于相对分异状态,2000—2010年在新市区分异水平较高,1990—2010年小学及初中人口、高中人口以及大专以上人口分异现象逐渐减少,混居程度加深,居住分异现象减少。
As the capital city of Xinjiang, Urumqi City is an important economic center in western China and plays an important role in the urban system of China.It could be of significance for the urban spatial planning of Urumqi City by studying the population living pattern of the city.This paper takes Urumqi as the research area, uses the expansion of urban space to verify the macro-characteristics of the change of residential pattern, takes "residential pattern" as the breakthrough point, and uses Moran's I and ArcGIS technology to analyze the residential pattern of different population attributes in this area.It is concluded that the urban residential land in Urumqi extends mainly in the northwest direction,the West Mountain direction, the East Mountain direction and the outer edge of the old urban area of the city.The agglomeration of middle-aged and old population in different age groups is more obvious, the agglomeration of working population is not significant,and the population of primary and secondary schools and junior middle schools with different educational levels and the population of large cities are different.The Moran's I value of the population of primary and secondary school and junior high school population is higher than that of the population with different education level,the Moran's I value of the illiterate population is relatively low,and the high school population is negatively correlated in space.The spatial differentiation index of school-age population and the elderly population has increased in all regions from 2000 to 2016,and the labor population differentiation index has declined in Shayibak District and Shuimogou District,indicating that the phenomenon of aging is becoming more and more obvious.In 2000,the illiterate population was in a relatively different state in Toutunhe District.The level of differentiation was relatively high in the Xinshi District from 2000 to 2010.The population of primary and junior middle schools, senior middle schools and above junior colleges gradually decreased from 1990 to 2010,the degree of mixed living deepened,and the phenomenon of residential differentiation decreased.
As the capital city of Xinjiang, Urumqi City is an important economic center in western China and plays an important role in the urban system of China.It could be of significance for the urban spatial planning of Urumqi City by studying the population living pattern of the city.This paper takes Urumqi as the research area, uses the expansion of urban space to verify the macro-characteristics of the change of residential pattern, takes "residential pattern" as the breakthrough point, and uses Moran's I and ArcGIS technology to analyze the residential pattern of different population attributes in this area.It is concluded that the urban residential land in Urumqi extends mainly in the northwest direction,the West Mountain direction, the East Mountain direction and the outer edge of the old urban area of the city.The agglomeration of middle-aged and old population in different age groups is more obvious, the agglomeration of working population is not significant,and the population of primary and secondary schools and junior middle schools with different educational levels and the population of large cities are different.The Moran's I value of the population of primary and secondary school and junior high school population is higher than that of the population with different education level,the Moran's I value of the illiterate population is relatively low,and the high school population is negatively correlated in space.The spatial differentiation index of school-age population and the elderly population has increased in all regions from 2000 to 2016,and the labor population differentiation index has declined in Shayibak District and Shuimogou District,indicating that the phenomenon of aging is becoming more and more obvious.In 2000,the illiterate population was in a relatively different state in Toutunhe District.The level of differentiation was relatively high in the Xinshi District from 2000 to 2010.The population of primary and junior middle schools, senior middle schools and above junior colleges gradually decreased from 1990 to 2010,the degree of mixed living deepened,and the phenomenon of residential differentiation decreased.
引文
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[6] 孙斌栋,吴雅菲.上海居住空间分异的实证分析与城市规划应对策略[J].上海经济研究,2008,27(12):3-10.[SUN Bindong,WU Yafei.An empirical analysis of Shanghai’s residential spatial differentiation and urban planning coping strategies[J].Shanghai Economic Review,2008,27(12):3-10.]
[7] 廖邦固,徐建刚,梅安新.1947—2007年上海中心城区居住空间分异变化——基于居住用地类型视角[J].地理研究,2012,31(6):1089-1102.[LIAO Banggu,XU Jiangang,MEI Anxin.Evolution of residential differentiation in central Shanghai city(1947—2007):A view of residential land-use types[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(6):1089-1102.]
[8] 李志刚,杜枫.中国大城市的外国人“族裔经济区”研究——对广州“巧克力城”的实证[J].人文地理,2012,27(6):1-6.[LI Zhigang,DU Feng.The transnational making of ‘chocolate city’ in Guangzhou[J].Human Geography,2012,27(6):1-6.]
[9] 李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[LI Zhigang,WU Fulong,XIAO Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[10] 钟奕纯,冯健.城市迁移人口居住空间分异——对深圳市的实证研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):125-135.[ZHONG Yichun,FENG Jian.Residential spatial differentiation of migrant population within the city:A case study of Shenzhen[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(1):125-135]
[11] 蒋亮,冯长春.基于社会——空间视角的长沙市居住空间分异研究[J].经济地理,2015,35(6):78-86.[JIANG Liang,FENG Changchun.The study of residential differentiation in Changsha based on the social-spatial perspective[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(6):78-86.]
[12] 王俊敏.呼和浩特市区的民族迁移与居住格局[J].西北民族研究,1997,12(2):279-280.[WANG Junmin.The pattern of ethnic migration and residence in the urban district of Hohhot[J].Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,1997,12(2):279-280.]
[13] 马红艳.银川市回汉民族关系调查研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2012.[MA Hongyan.Investigation and research on ethnic relations between Hui and Han in Yinchuan[D].Beijing:Minzu University of China,2012.]
[14] 杨瑛,李同昇,冯小杰.西安市主城区居住空间住宅价格分布格局与驱动机制[J].地域研究与开发,2015,34(5):68-74.[YANG Ying,Li Tongsheng,FENG Xiaojie.Analysis on the pattern of the house price and its driving forces in the dwelling space in the urban district of Xi’an[J].Areal Research and Development,2015,34(5):68-74.]
[15] 罗正文.转型期西安城市贫困阶层聚居及其形成机制研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2015.[LUO Zhengwen.Study on the settlement of the urban poor stratum and its formation mechanism in the transitional period in Xi’an[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi Normal University,2015.]
[16] 黄达远.乌鲁木齐城市社会空间演化及其当代启示[J].西北民族研究,2011,26(1):70-78.[HUANG Dayuan.Social-spatial evolvement of Urumqi and its contemporary implications[J].Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,2011,26(1):70-78.]
[17] 张利,雷军,张小雷,等.乌鲁木齐城市社会区分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):817-828.[ZHANG Li,LEI Jun,ZHANG Xiaolei,et al.Analysis of the urban social areas in Urumqi[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):817-828.]
[18] 刘正江.乌鲁木齐市民族社区居住格局变迁动因研究[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2014,30(4):116-121.[LIU Zhengjiang.Study on the change factors of residential pattern of Urumqi ethnic community[J].Heilongjiang National Series,2014,30(4):116-121.]
[19] 董晔,安瓦尔·买买提明.城镇化进程中乌鲁木齐市少数民族农民工空间分布及生存状态研究[J].地理科学,2014,34(8):963-970.[DONG Ye,ANWAER Maimaitiming.Spatial distribution and living situation of Urumqi ethnic minority migrant workers in the process of urbanization in Xinjiang[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(8):963-970.]
[20] 张力,李雪铭,张建丽.基于生态位理论的居住区位及居住空间分异[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1548-1554.[ZHANG Li,LI Xueming,ZHANG Jianli.A study of residential location and residential space differentiation based on the niche theory[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1548-1554.]
[21] 姜巍,高卫东.居住空间分异——乌鲁木齐市在发展中面临的严峻问题[J].干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(4):43-47.[JIANG Wei,GAO Weidong.Residential segregation:The most serious problem in the development of Urumqi[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment,2003,17(4):43-47.]
[22] 陈燕.新型城镇化战略对城市居住空间分异影响研究[J].南京社会科学,2014,25(12):23-29.[CHEN Yan.On the motivation research of urban residential space differentiation based on the perspective of new urbanization strategy[J].Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2014,25(12):23-29.]
[23] 张勃,张凯.干旱区绿洲空间分异演化研究——以黑河流域绿洲为例[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(3):414-420.[ZHANG Bo,ZHANG Kai.Study on the spatial differentiation and the evolution in arid regions:A case study for oases in Heihe river basin[J].Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology,2002,24(3):414-420.]
[24] 张凌云,李松,张洁,等.基于空间自相关的乌鲁木齐市民族居住格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014(3):50-56.[Zhang Lingyun,Li Song,Zhang Jie,et al.Analysis on ethnic residential spatial pattern in Urumqi city based on spatial autocorrelation[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014(3):50-56.]
[25] 王华菊.从居住隔离到教育隔离:南疆教育问题的考察[J].贵州民族研究,2016,(2):226-230.[WANG Huaju.From residential segregation to educational segregation:The study on education in south Xinjiang[J].Guizhou Ethnic Studies,2016,(2):226-230.]
[26] 方创琳,黄金川,步伟娜.西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):1-7.[FANG Chuanglin,HUANG Jinchuan,BU Weina.Theoretical study on urbanization process and ecological effect with the restriction water resource in arid area of northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2004,27(1):1-7.]
[2] 大卫·费特曼.民族志:步步深入[M].龚建华(译),重庆:重庆大学出版社,2013.[FETTERMAN David.Ethnography:Step by step[M].GONG Jianhua (Translation).Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2013.]
[3] FARLEY Reynolds.Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the united states in 1970:An analysis of social class and racial differences[J].Demography,1977,14(11):497-518.
[4] 谌丽,张文忠,李业锦,等.北京城市居住环境类型区的识别与评价[J].地理研究,2015,34(7):1331-1342.[CHEN Li,ZHANG Wenzhong,LI Yejin,et al.Identification and evaluation of residential environment types in Beijing City[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1331-1342.]
[5] 廖邦固,徐建刚,宣国富,等.1947—2000年上海中心城区居住空间结构演变[J].地理学报,2008,75(2):195-206.[LIAO Banggu,XU Jiangang,XUAN Guofu,et al.Evolution of residential space structure in Shanghai central city based on land use[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,75(2):195-206.]
[6] 孙斌栋,吴雅菲.上海居住空间分异的实证分析与城市规划应对策略[J].上海经济研究,2008,27(12):3-10.[SUN Bindong,WU Yafei.An empirical analysis of Shanghai’s residential spatial differentiation and urban planning coping strategies[J].Shanghai Economic Review,2008,27(12):3-10.]
[7] 廖邦固,徐建刚,梅安新.1947—2007年上海中心城区居住空间分异变化——基于居住用地类型视角[J].地理研究,2012,31(6):1089-1102.[LIAO Banggu,XU Jiangang,MEI Anxin.Evolution of residential differentiation in central Shanghai city(1947—2007):A view of residential land-use types[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(6):1089-1102.]
[8] 李志刚,杜枫.中国大城市的外国人“族裔经济区”研究——对广州“巧克力城”的实证[J].人文地理,2012,27(6):1-6.[LI Zhigang,DU Feng.The transnational making of ‘chocolate city’ in Guangzhou[J].Human Geography,2012,27(6):1-6.]
[9] 李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[LI Zhigang,WU Fulong,XIAO Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[10] 钟奕纯,冯健.城市迁移人口居住空间分异——对深圳市的实证研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):125-135.[ZHONG Yichun,FENG Jian.Residential spatial differentiation of migrant population within the city:A case study of Shenzhen[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(1):125-135]
[11] 蒋亮,冯长春.基于社会——空间视角的长沙市居住空间分异研究[J].经济地理,2015,35(6):78-86.[JIANG Liang,FENG Changchun.The study of residential differentiation in Changsha based on the social-spatial perspective[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(6):78-86.]
[12] 王俊敏.呼和浩特市区的民族迁移与居住格局[J].西北民族研究,1997,12(2):279-280.[WANG Junmin.The pattern of ethnic migration and residence in the urban district of Hohhot[J].Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,1997,12(2):279-280.]
[13] 马红艳.银川市回汉民族关系调查研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2012.[MA Hongyan.Investigation and research on ethnic relations between Hui and Han in Yinchuan[D].Beijing:Minzu University of China,2012.]
[14] 杨瑛,李同昇,冯小杰.西安市主城区居住空间住宅价格分布格局与驱动机制[J].地域研究与开发,2015,34(5):68-74.[YANG Ying,Li Tongsheng,FENG Xiaojie.Analysis on the pattern of the house price and its driving forces in the dwelling space in the urban district of Xi’an[J].Areal Research and Development,2015,34(5):68-74.]
[15] 罗正文.转型期西安城市贫困阶层聚居及其形成机制研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2015.[LUO Zhengwen.Study on the settlement of the urban poor stratum and its formation mechanism in the transitional period in Xi’an[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi Normal University,2015.]
[16] 黄达远.乌鲁木齐城市社会空间演化及其当代启示[J].西北民族研究,2011,26(1):70-78.[HUANG Dayuan.Social-spatial evolvement of Urumqi and its contemporary implications[J].Northwestern Journal of Ethnology,2011,26(1):70-78.]
[17] 张利,雷军,张小雷,等.乌鲁木齐城市社会区分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):817-828.[ZHANG Li,LEI Jun,ZHANG Xiaolei,et al.Analysis of the urban social areas in Urumqi[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):817-828.]
[18] 刘正江.乌鲁木齐市民族社区居住格局变迁动因研究[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2014,30(4):116-121.[LIU Zhengjiang.Study on the change factors of residential pattern of Urumqi ethnic community[J].Heilongjiang National Series,2014,30(4):116-121.]
[19] 董晔,安瓦尔·买买提明.城镇化进程中乌鲁木齐市少数民族农民工空间分布及生存状态研究[J].地理科学,2014,34(8):963-970.[DONG Ye,ANWAER Maimaitiming.Spatial distribution and living situation of Urumqi ethnic minority migrant workers in the process of urbanization in Xinjiang[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(8):963-970.]
[20] 张力,李雪铭,张建丽.基于生态位理论的居住区位及居住空间分异[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1548-1554.[ZHANG Li,LI Xueming,ZHANG Jianli.A study of residential location and residential space differentiation based on the niche theory[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1548-1554.]
[21] 姜巍,高卫东.居住空间分异——乌鲁木齐市在发展中面临的严峻问题[J].干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(4):43-47.[JIANG Wei,GAO Weidong.Residential segregation:The most serious problem in the development of Urumqi[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment,2003,17(4):43-47.]
[22] 陈燕.新型城镇化战略对城市居住空间分异影响研究[J].南京社会科学,2014,25(12):23-29.[CHEN Yan.On the motivation research of urban residential space differentiation based on the perspective of new urbanization strategy[J].Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2014,25(12):23-29.]
[23] 张勃,张凯.干旱区绿洲空间分异演化研究——以黑河流域绿洲为例[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(3):414-420.[ZHANG Bo,ZHANG Kai.Study on the spatial differentiation and the evolution in arid regions:A case study for oases in Heihe river basin[J].Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology,2002,24(3):414-420.]
[24] 张凌云,李松,张洁,等.基于空间自相关的乌鲁木齐市民族居住格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014(3):50-56.[Zhang Lingyun,Li Song,Zhang Jie,et al.Analysis on ethnic residential spatial pattern in Urumqi city based on spatial autocorrelation[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014(3):50-56.]
[25] 王华菊.从居住隔离到教育隔离:南疆教育问题的考察[J].贵州民族研究,2016,(2):226-230.[WANG Huaju.From residential segregation to educational segregation:The study on education in south Xinjiang[J].Guizhou Ethnic Studies,2016,(2):226-230.]
[26] 方创琳,黄金川,步伟娜.西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):1-7.[FANG Chuanglin,HUANG Jinchuan,BU Weina.Theoretical study on urbanization process and ecological effect with the restriction water resource in arid area of northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2004,27(1):1-7.]