海外学者对中国改革开放经验的总结
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摘要
中国改革开放以来取得的显著成就引起了海外学界的高度关注。海外学者高度赞赏了中国改革开放的成绩,他们认为中国改革开放的经验主要体现在以下三方面:一是立足本国独特国情,重视文化作用的发挥,推行渐进式改革,积极融入全球化浪潮;二是坚持并完善社会主义制度,在社会主义制度框架内多措并举推进改革;三是发挥中国共产党的引领作用,大力推进政治建设,坚持发展成果人民共享。深入剖析海外学者对中国改革开放经验的总结,有利于我们进一步推进新时代的改革开放,讲好中国故事,向世界展示一个全面、真实、开放的中国。
The remarkable achievements of China's reform and opening-up has caused great concern among overseas scholars.They highly praised the achievements of China's reform and opening-up.They thought the experience of China's reform and opening-up mainly reflected in the following three aspects.First,it based on the unique national conditions,attaching importance to the role of culture,implementing gradual reforms,and actively integrating into the tide of globalization.Second,it has always adhered to and perfected socialist system.Government took multiple measures to push forward reform within the framework of socialist system.Third,The Communist Party of China plays a leading role,promoting political construction,adhering to the sharing of development achievements among the people.An in-depth analysis of overseas scholars'summary of China's reform and opening up experience is conducive to further promoting the reform and opening up of the new era,taletelling the Chinese story and presenting a comprehensive,authentic and open China to the world.
The remarkable achievements of China's reform and opening-up has caused great concern among overseas scholars.They highly praised the achievements of China's reform and opening-up.They thought the experience of China's reform and opening-up mainly reflected in the following three aspects.First,it based on the unique national conditions,attaching importance to the role of culture,implementing gradual reforms,and actively integrating into the tide of globalization.Second,it has always adhered to and perfected socialist system.Government took multiple measures to push forward reform within the framework of socialist system.Third,The Communist Party of China plays a leading role,promoting political construction,adhering to the sharing of development achievements among the people.An in-depth analysis of overseas scholars'summary of China's reform and opening up experience is conducive to further promoting the reform and opening up of the new era,taletelling the Chinese story and presenting a comprehensive,authentic and open China to the world.
引文
(1)本文使用“海外学者”这一概念是基于“海外”相对于“西方”而言意识形态色彩更弱,尽量凸显研究的客观性;同时本文出于研究的全面性,将“海外学者”的内涵界定为中国大陆之外的“中国研究者”,也凸显了了改革开放后中国问题研究主体的全球性。
(2) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1120-1121.
(3)《深刻总结改革开放伟大成就宝贵经验,不断把新时代改革开放继续推向前进》,《人民日报》,2018年11月15日。
(1) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1119.
(2)(6)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(3)[美]莫里斯·迈斯纳:《毛泽东的中国及后毛泽东的中国:人民共和国史》,杜蒲、李玉玲译,四川人民出版社1992年版,第590页。
(4) Om Kit Tam,"Some Issues in China's Financial Development:Implications for Economic Reform and Growth,'in Amaresh Bagchi,'A Decade of Economic Reform in China:A Retrospect",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.24,No.25,1989,p.1414.
(5) Thomas G.Rawski,"Implications of China's Reform Experience",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1151-1152.
(7)姚东:《为发展中国家走向现代化贡献中国智慧和中国方案》,载于《求是》2017年第24期。
(8) Ross Garnaut,"40 years of Chinese economic reform and development and the challenge of 50",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANUPress,2018,p.32.
(9)《中国の商談凍結は一時的アジア局長答弁》,《日本経済新聞》,1979年03月04日。
(10) Stuart R.Schram,The Thought of Mao Tse-tung,Cambridge University Press,1989,p.196.
(11) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.159.
(12) Yeonsik Choi,"The Evolution of‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’:Its Elliptical Structure of Socialist Principles and China’s Realities",Pacific Focus,Vol.XXVI,No.3,2011,p.385-400.
(13) Waldron Arthur,"Scholarship and patriotic education:the Great Wall conference,1994",The China Quarterly,No.143,1995,pp.844-850.
(1)(2) Yeonsik Choi,"The Evolution of'Socialism with Chinese Characteristics':Its Elliptical Structure of Socialist Principles and China’s Realities",Pacific Focus,Vol.XXVI,No.3,2011,p.385,400.
(3) Hoey J H,The global reach of Chinese soft power:China’s rise and America’s decline,(http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.2455.)
(4) Lai Hongyi,"China’s Cultural Diplomacy:Going for Soft Power",EAI Background Brief,No.308.
(5) Joshua Kurlantzick,Charm Offensive:How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World,Yale University Press,2007.
(6) Michael Keane,Creative Industries in China:Art,Design and Media,Cambridge:Polity,2013.
(7) 10 Bert Hofman,"Reflections on 40 years of China's reforms,"in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.56-58,58.
(8) John McMillan and Barry Naughton,"How to reform a planned economy:lessons from China",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,Vol.8,No.1,1992,p.131.
(9) Andrew G.Walder,"Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy",The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.101,No.2,1995,p.264.
(11)(12) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.158,160.
(13) John and Doris Naisbitt,China’s Megatrends:The 8 Pillars of New Society,Harper Business,2010,pp.89-90.
(1) Thomas G.Rawski,"Implications of China's Reform Experience",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,p.1168.
(2)(3) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.162-163,163.
(4)人民日报海外版“中国故事工作室”、中国外文局融媒体中心、欧美同学会:《新时代:全球院士点赞中国》,人民出版社2017年版,第24页。
(5) John Wong,"China’s Economic Reform and Open-Door Policy Viewed from Southeast Asia",ASEAN Economic Bulletin,Vol.11,No.3,1995,p.269.
(6) Gautam Sen,"Post-Reform China and the International Economy:Economic Change and Liberalisation under Sovereign Control",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.35,No.11,2000,p.935.
(7)(9)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(8) Lai Hongyi,"China’s Cultural Diplomacy:Going for Soft Power",EAI Background Brief,No.308.
(10)人民日报海外版“中国故事工作室”、中国外文局融媒体中心、欧美同学会:《新时代:全球院士点赞中国》,人民出版社2017年版,第77-78页。
(11)罗思义:《看懂中国,需先破除三大误读》,观察者网(https://www.guancha.cn/LuoSiYi/2019_04_09_496956_s.shtml.)
(12) Nina Bandelj and Dorothy J.Solinger,Socialism Vanquished,Socialism Challenged:Eastern Europe and China,1989-2009,New York:Oxford University Press,2012.
(1) Patrice C.McMahon,"Thirty Years of Reform and Opening Up:Teaching International Relations in China",Political Science and Politics,Vol.44,No.1,2011,p.115.
(2) 5 8 Barry Naughton,"Singularity and Replicability in China’s Developmental Experience(Draft for discussion purposes)",China Analysis,January 2009,pp.8-10,10,8.
(3) Nat Weinstein,"In Response to Monthly Review on China",Socialist Viewpoint,Vol.4,No.8,2004.
(4)[美]莫里斯·迈斯纳:《毛泽东的中国及后毛泽东的中国》,杜蒲、李玉玲译,四川人民出版社1992年版,第575页。
(6) Nicholas Lardy,"Private sector development",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.329.
(7) Linda Yueh,China’s Growth:The Making of an Economic Superpower,Oxford University Press,2013.
(9)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(10)(14) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.163,161.
(11) Joyce Yanyun Man,China’s Environmental Policy and Urban Development,Lincoln Institute of Land Policy(MA),2013.
(12) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,p.1130.
(13) Anjali Kumar,China:Internal Market Development and Regulation,World Bank Publications,1994,p.167.
(15) Yang Zhong and Che-huan Shen.,"How Do America’s China Scholars View U.S.-China Relations and China’s Future?",Political Science and Politics,Vol.41,No.2,2008,p.363.
(1) Thomas Rawski,"China Reform Watch:Turning Point Looming",China Perspectives,No.38,2011,p.32.
(2) C.H.Hanumantha Rao,"Rural Transformation in China and India:A Post-Reform Comparison",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.40,No.33,2005,p.3640.
(3) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang,"The Rise of China:Challenges,Implications,and Options for the United States",Indian Journal of Asian Affairs,Vol.30,No.1/2 2017,p.49.
(4) Udaibir S Das,Jonathan Fiechter,and Tao Sun,China's Road to Greater Financial Stability:Some Policy Perspectives,IMF Press,2013.
(5)(8)(9) Lowell Dittmer,"China in 1981:Reform,Readjustment,Rectification",Asian Survey,Vol.22,No.1,1982,p.35,35,35.
(6)(7) Amaresh Bagchi,"A Decade of Economic Reform in China:A Retrospect",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.24,No.25,1989,p.1410.
(10) Andrew G.Walder,"Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China’s Transitional Economy",The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.101,No.2,1995,p.279.
(11) Jean C.Oi,"Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China",World Politics,Vol.45,No.1,1992,pp.99-126.
(12) Bert Hofman,"Reflections on 40 years of China's reforms",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.59.
(13) Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg,Policy Making in China.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1988.
(1) C.H.Hanumantha Rao,"Rural Transformation in China and India:A Post-Reform Comparison",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.40,No.33,2005,p.3640.
(2) 10 David Shanmaugh,China’s Communist Party:Atrophy and Adaptation,Berkeley:Univ.of California Press,2008.
(3) Thomas Heberer,"China in 2013 The Chinese Dream’s Domestic and Foreign Policy Shifts",Asian Survey,Vol.54,No.1,2014,p.126.
(4) Andrew Nathan,"Authoritarian resilience",Journal of Democracy,Vol.14,No.1,2003,pp.14-17.
(5)柴尚金:《新时代中国特色社会主义发展的世界意义》,《中国社会科学报》,2017年11月17日。
(6) Caroline Puel,Les Trente Glorieuses Chinoises:de 1980ànos jours,Perrin Tempus,2013.
(7) Bruce J.Dickson,"Dilemmas of Party Adaptation:The CCP’s Strategies for Survival",in P.H.Gries and S.Rosen,eds.,State and Society in 21st Century China:Crisis,Contention,and Legitimation,New York:Routledge,2004,pp.141-158.
(8) Minxin Pei.Remarks at Panel Discussion on"Economic Development Without Political Liberalization",American Enterprise Institute,2015.
(9) John P.Burns,"The People's Republic of China at 50:National Political Reform",The China Quarterly,No.159,1999,p.581.
(11) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,p.1105.
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(9) Young Nam Cho,"The Politics of Lawmaking in Chinese Local People's Congresses",The China Quarterly,No.187,p.602.
(14) Wu Wei,Building Service-Oriented Government:Lessons,Challenges and Prospects,World Scientific,2013.
(15)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(1)(2) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,pp.159-161.
(3) Douglas Besharov and Karen Baehler,Chinese Social Policy in a Time of Transition,New York:Oxford University Press,2013.
(4) Sean Cooney,Sarah Biddulph,and Ying Zhu,Law and Fair Work in China.Abingdon,Oxon,New York:Routledge,2012.
(5) Loren Brandt,Thomas G.Rawski,China's Great Economic Transformation,Cambridg.New York:Cambridge University Press,2008.
(1)王东红:《海外关于中国改革开放前后“连续整体论”述评》,载于《北京党史》2015年第3期。
(2) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1120-1121.
(3)《深刻总结改革开放伟大成就宝贵经验,不断把新时代改革开放继续推向前进》,《人民日报》,2018年11月15日。
(1) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1119.
(2)(6)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(3)[美]莫里斯·迈斯纳:《毛泽东的中国及后毛泽东的中国:人民共和国史》,杜蒲、李玉玲译,四川人民出版社1992年版,第590页。
(4) Om Kit Tam,"Some Issues in China's Financial Development:Implications for Economic Reform and Growth,'in Amaresh Bagchi,'A Decade of Economic Reform in China:A Retrospect",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.24,No.25,1989,p.1414.
(5) Thomas G.Rawski,"Implications of China's Reform Experience",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,pp.1151-1152.
(7)姚东:《为发展中国家走向现代化贡献中国智慧和中国方案》,载于《求是》2017年第24期。
(8) Ross Garnaut,"40 years of Chinese economic reform and development and the challenge of 50",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANUPress,2018,p.32.
(9)《中国の商談凍結は一時的アジア局長答弁》,《日本経済新聞》,1979年03月04日。
(10) Stuart R.Schram,The Thought of Mao Tse-tung,Cambridge University Press,1989,p.196.
(11) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.159.
(12) Yeonsik Choi,"The Evolution of‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’:Its Elliptical Structure of Socialist Principles and China’s Realities",Pacific Focus,Vol.XXVI,No.3,2011,p.385-400.
(13) Waldron Arthur,"Scholarship and patriotic education:the Great Wall conference,1994",The China Quarterly,No.143,1995,pp.844-850.
(1)(2) Yeonsik Choi,"The Evolution of'Socialism with Chinese Characteristics':Its Elliptical Structure of Socialist Principles and China’s Realities",Pacific Focus,Vol.XXVI,No.3,2011,p.385,400.
(3) Hoey J H,The global reach of Chinese soft power:China’s rise and America’s decline,(http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.2455.)
(4) Lai Hongyi,"China’s Cultural Diplomacy:Going for Soft Power",EAI Background Brief,No.308.
(5) Joshua Kurlantzick,Charm Offensive:How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World,Yale University Press,2007.
(6) Michael Keane,Creative Industries in China:Art,Design and Media,Cambridge:Polity,2013.
(7) 10 Bert Hofman,"Reflections on 40 years of China's reforms,"in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.56-58,58.
(8) John McMillan and Barry Naughton,"How to reform a planned economy:lessons from China",Oxford Review of Economic Policy,Vol.8,No.1,1992,p.131.
(9) Andrew G.Walder,"Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy",The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.101,No.2,1995,p.264.
(11)(12) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.158,160.
(13) John and Doris Naisbitt,China’s Megatrends:The 8 Pillars of New Society,Harper Business,2010,pp.89-90.
(1) Thomas G.Rawski,"Implications of China's Reform Experience",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,p.1168.
(2)(3) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.162-163,163.
(4)人民日报海外版“中国故事工作室”、中国外文局融媒体中心、欧美同学会:《新时代:全球院士点赞中国》,人民出版社2017年版,第24页。
(5) John Wong,"China’s Economic Reform and Open-Door Policy Viewed from Southeast Asia",ASEAN Economic Bulletin,Vol.11,No.3,1995,p.269.
(6) Gautam Sen,"Post-Reform China and the International Economy:Economic Change and Liberalisation under Sovereign Control",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.35,No.11,2000,p.935.
(7)(9)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(8) Lai Hongyi,"China’s Cultural Diplomacy:Going for Soft Power",EAI Background Brief,No.308.
(10)人民日报海外版“中国故事工作室”、中国外文局融媒体中心、欧美同学会:《新时代:全球院士点赞中国》,人民出版社2017年版,第77-78页。
(11)罗思义:《看懂中国,需先破除三大误读》,观察者网(https://www.guancha.cn/LuoSiYi/2019_04_09_496956_s.shtml.)
(12) Nina Bandelj and Dorothy J.Solinger,Socialism Vanquished,Socialism Challenged:Eastern Europe and China,1989-2009,New York:Oxford University Press,2012.
(1) Patrice C.McMahon,"Thirty Years of Reform and Opening Up:Teaching International Relations in China",Political Science and Politics,Vol.44,No.1,2011,p.115.
(2) 5 8 Barry Naughton,"Singularity and Replicability in China’s Developmental Experience(Draft for discussion purposes)",China Analysis,January 2009,pp.8-10,10,8.
(3) Nat Weinstein,"In Response to Monthly Review on China",Socialist Viewpoint,Vol.4,No.8,2004.
(4)[美]莫里斯·迈斯纳:《毛泽东的中国及后毛泽东的中国》,杜蒲、李玉玲译,四川人民出版社1992年版,第575页。
(6) Nicholas Lardy,"Private sector development",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.329.
(7) Linda Yueh,China’s Growth:The Making of an Economic Superpower,Oxford University Press,2013.
(9)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《中国在走一条独特的道路》,朱美荣译,载于《当代世界与社会主义》2013年第2期。
(10)(14) Yue-man Yeung,"China’s Openness and Reform at 30:Retrospect and Prospect",China Review,Vol.9,No.2,2009,p.163,161.
(11) Joyce Yanyun Man,China’s Environmental Policy and Urban Development,Lincoln Institute of Land Policy(MA),2013.
(12) Steven M.Goldstein,"China in Transition:The Political Foundations of Incremental Reform",The China Quarterly,No.144,1995,p.1130.
(13) Anjali Kumar,China:Internal Market Development and Regulation,World Bank Publications,1994,p.167.
(15) Yang Zhong and Che-huan Shen.,"How Do America’s China Scholars View U.S.-China Relations and China’s Future?",Political Science and Politics,Vol.41,No.2,2008,p.363.
(1) Thomas Rawski,"China Reform Watch:Turning Point Looming",China Perspectives,No.38,2011,p.32.
(2) C.H.Hanumantha Rao,"Rural Transformation in China and India:A Post-Reform Comparison",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.40,No.33,2005,p.3640.
(3) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang,"The Rise of China:Challenges,Implications,and Options for the United States",Indian Journal of Asian Affairs,Vol.30,No.1/2 2017,p.49.
(4) Udaibir S Das,Jonathan Fiechter,and Tao Sun,China's Road to Greater Financial Stability:Some Policy Perspectives,IMF Press,2013.
(5)(8)(9) Lowell Dittmer,"China in 1981:Reform,Readjustment,Rectification",Asian Survey,Vol.22,No.1,1982,p.35,35,35.
(6)(7) Amaresh Bagchi,"A Decade of Economic Reform in China:A Retrospect",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.24,No.25,1989,p.1410.
(10) Andrew G.Walder,"Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China’s Transitional Economy",The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.101,No.2,1995,p.279.
(11) Jean C.Oi,"Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China",World Politics,Vol.45,No.1,1992,pp.99-126.
(12) Bert Hofman,"Reflections on 40 years of China's reforms",in Ross Garnaut,Ligang Song,and Cai Fang,eds.,China's 40 Years of Reform and Development:1978-2018,ANU Press,2018,p.59.
(13) Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg,Policy Making in China.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1988.
(1) C.H.Hanumantha Rao,"Rural Transformation in China and India:A Post-Reform Comparison",Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.40,No.33,2005,p.3640.
(2) 10 David Shanmaugh,China’s Communist Party:Atrophy and Adaptation,Berkeley:Univ.of California Press,2008.
(3) Thomas Heberer,"China in 2013 The Chinese Dream’s Domestic and Foreign Policy Shifts",Asian Survey,Vol.54,No.1,2014,p.126.
(4) Andrew Nathan,"Authoritarian resilience",Journal of Democracy,Vol.14,No.1,2003,pp.14-17.
(5)柴尚金:《新时代中国特色社会主义发展的世界意义》,《中国社会科学报》,2017年11月17日。
(6) Caroline Puel,Les Trente Glorieuses Chinoises:de 1980ànos jours,Perrin Tempus,2013.
(7) Bruce J.Dickson,"Dilemmas of Party Adaptation:The CCP’s Strategies for Survival",in P.H.Gries and S.Rosen,eds.,State and Society in 21st Century China:Crisis,Contention,and Legitimation,New York:Routledge,2004,pp.141-158.
(8) Minxin Pei.Remarks at Panel Discussion on"Economic Development Without Political Liberalization",American Enterprise Institute,2015.
(9) John P.Burns,"The People's Republic of China at 50:National Political Reform",The China Quarterly,No.159,1999,p.581.
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(1)王东红:《海外关于中国改革开放前后“连续整体论”述评》,载于《北京党史》2015年第3期。