遗骸犯罪客体要件:危机与重塑
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摘要
遗骸犯罪的客体要件为影响社会秩序"良风美俗"是理论与实务界几乎不受质疑的"共识"。然而,如此"共识"却引发诸如扭曲犯罪对象与客体关系,不当罚行为"乘虚入罪",破坏法秩序统一状态等深刻危机。从遗骸的法律性质以及法秩序统一状态出发,本罪的客体要件应当厘定为属于公民人身权利范畴的亲属人格利益。基于客体要件的重新厘定及实质的刑法解释立场,本罪犯罪对象应涵盖全部寄托亲属人格利益的遗骸形态,实行行为应囊括侵害关于遗骸人格利益的基本类型,犯罪成立应当以显著侵害人格利益为前提。遗骸犯罪的反伦理性与对社会秩序的侵犯之间并无必然联系,应当除魅社会秩序认定中的伦理因素,精准把握行为的反伦理性与妨害社会秩序之间的本质界限,从根源上清算刑法中的"法律伦理主义"残余。
There is an undoubted consensus that the object element of the crimes target on corpse is the social order between theory and practice. However, such a "consensus" has caused those crisis as distorting the relationship between criminal object and criminal target, incriminalizing conducts which should not be punished and and destroying the legal order unified state. Starting from the legal nature of the corpse and the unified state of legal order, the object elements of such offence should be defined as the personal interests of family that belong to the category of civil rights of the individual. Based on the new definition of the object elements, the target of crime should cover all types of corpse that reflects personality interests for ralatives, act of perpetrating should include the basic types of infringement on personality interests, crime establishment should be on the premise of significant infringement of personality interests. There is no positive connection between the anti-ethical character of such crime and infringement on social order.So that ethical factors should be get rid from social order and the essential boundary between the anti-ethical behavior and disruption of the social order should be accurately grasped, thus to eliminate residue of "legal ethics principle"in criminal law.
There is an undoubted consensus that the object element of the crimes target on corpse is the social order between theory and practice. However, such a "consensus" has caused those crisis as distorting the relationship between criminal object and criminal target, incriminalizing conducts which should not be punished and and destroying the legal order unified state. Starting from the legal nature of the corpse and the unified state of legal order, the object elements of such offence should be defined as the personal interests of family that belong to the category of civil rights of the individual. Based on the new definition of the object elements, the target of crime should cover all types of corpse that reflects personality interests for ralatives, act of perpetrating should include the basic types of infringement on personality interests, crime establishment should be on the premise of significant infringement of personality interests. There is no positive connection between the anti-ethical character of such crime and infringement on social order.So that ethical factors should be get rid from social order and the essential boundary between the anti-ethical behavior and disruption of the social order should be accurately grasped, thus to eliminate residue of "legal ethics principle"in criminal law.
引文
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[2] 赵秉志.刑法各论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016:294.
[3] 陈玉川,张晓东.法医学[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2007:40.
[4] 杨立新.民商法判解研究:第3辑[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1999:124-125.
[5] 张新宝.侵权行为法[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008.
[6] 贾淼.人格权益法研究(总论)[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2014:32.
[7] 高铭暄.刑法学原理:第1卷[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[8] 马克昌.犯罪通论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005:125.
[9] 王作富.刑法分则实务研究[M].北京:中国方正出版社,2007.
[10] 李海东.刑法原理入门(犯罪论基础)[M].北京:法律出版社.1998:4-5.
[11] 赵秉志,魏昌东.刑法哲学专题整理[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2007:54.
[12] 许桂敏.民权刑法论[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2003.
[13] [德]克劳斯·罗克辛.德国刑法学总论:第1卷[M].王世洲,译.北京:法律出版社,2005:12-13.
[14] 王启富,刘金国.法律之治与道德之治:形式法治观的局限及其克服[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2008:233.
[15] 王昭武.法秩序统一性视角下的违法性判断相对性[J].中外法学,2015(1):170-197.
[16][德]卡尔·拉伦茨.法学方法论[M].陈爱娥,译.商务印书馆,2003:317.
[17] 李春雷,张鸿巍.外国刑法学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:95.
[18] 郑云端.民法总论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:105.
[19] 王利明.民法学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2015.
[20] 刘仁文.法律的灯绳[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2012:243.
[21] 文正邦.宪法学教程[M].北京:法律出版社,2005:74.
[22] 陈雄.中国老年人宪法权益保障实证研究[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社,2017:31.
[23] 张明楷.刑法格言的展开[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013:35.
[24] 张明楷.罪刑法定与刑法解释[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009:46.
[25] 冷必元.风险犯法益侵害的二元违法性评价[J].国家检察官学院学报,2014(1):100-111.
[26] [日]曾根威彦.刑法学基础[M].黎宏,译.北京:法律出版社,2005:112.
[27] 朱铁军.刑民实体关系论[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012:69.
[28] 王骏.违法性判断必须一元吗?——以刑民实体关系为视角[J].法学家,2013(5):131-147;179.
[29] 于改之.刑民分界论[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2007:181.
[30] 张明楷.刑法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2011:45-46.
[31] 本书编辑委员会.国家司法考试辅导用书:第2卷[M].北京:法律出版社,2017.
[32] 周光权.刑法各论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016:377.
[33] 赵秉志.刑法总论[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2008:9.
[34] 牛建平,周国文.刑法总论[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2011:11.
[35] 肖洪.论刑法的调整对象[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2008:105.
[36] 石经海.故意伤害“轻伤与否”定性共识的刑法质疑——以刑法总分则关系下的完整法律适用为视角[J].现代法学,2017(3):114-115.
[37] 陈忠林.刑法学(上)[M].北京:法律出版社,2005:6.
[38] 张振华,高岳山.检察官独家披露“白银案”办案情况[N].检察日报,2017-6-21(04).
[39] 高铭暄.刑法学[M].北京:法律出版社,1982:106.
[40] 薛瑞麟.犯罪客体论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2008:146.
[41] 廖申白.伦理学概论[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009:19.
[42] 顾肖荣,叶青.体系刑法学·刑法分则(四)[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2012:1.
[43] 孙国华.中华法学大辞典·法理学卷[M].北京:中国检察出版社,1997:31.
[44] 郭立新.刑法正当性研究[M].北京:中国检察出版社,2005:39.