人口流动、人力资本与城市规模差距
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摘要
文章在区分专用性和通用性人力资本的基础上,将人力资本结构纳入拉姆齐效用函数,得出城市便利性影响人力资本积累的转换效应、人力资本结构优化的区位效应和城市规模差距扩大的累积效应。文章利用2003～2016年272个城市样本进行实证研究,结果发现,为实现存量增长和结构优化的人力资本区位决策是城市人口规模差距扩大的主要原因;城市便利性促进人力资本积累的转换,并使城市规模差距持续扩大。文章认为,提升城市便利性是城市发展的重要方向,完善人力资本导向的服务体系、营造人力资本积累变现的良好环境、增强中等城市便利性等措施可满足人力资本存量增长和结构优化需求,有助于改变区位决策,促进区域协调发展。
By distinguishing specialized and general human capitals, this paper brings the structure of human capital in Ramsey utility function, and finds that urban convenience affects the transformation of accumulated human capital, the location effect in human capital upgrading, and the cumulative effect of enlarging urban scale gap. Based on the sample data of 272 urban units from 2003 to 2016, this paper finds that the location strategy targeting at achieving stock growth and structural optimization is the main reason for the enlarging urban population size gap. Urban convenience promotes the transformation of human capital accumulation, and enlarges the gap of urban scale. It argues that the improvement of urban convenience plays an important role in urban development. The requirements of human capital growth and structure optimization can be satisfied by improving the service system oriented by human capital, improving the environment, and enhancing the convenience of medium-sized cities, which will be conductive to changing decision about location and promoting the regional coordinative development.
By distinguishing specialized and general human capitals, this paper brings the structure of human capital in Ramsey utility function, and finds that urban convenience affects the transformation of accumulated human capital, the location effect in human capital upgrading, and the cumulative effect of enlarging urban scale gap. Based on the sample data of 272 urban units from 2003 to 2016, this paper finds that the location strategy targeting at achieving stock growth and structural optimization is the main reason for the enlarging urban population size gap. Urban convenience promotes the transformation of human capital accumulation, and enlarges the gap of urban scale. It argues that the improvement of urban convenience plays an important role in urban development. The requirements of human capital growth and structure optimization can be satisfied by improving the service system oriented by human capital, improving the environment, and enhancing the convenience of medium-sized cities, which will be conductive to changing decision about location and promoting the regional coordinative development.
引文
1.高春亮(2014):《人力资本积累、变现与城市规模》,《南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学)》,第3期。
2.黄燕芬、张超(2018):《城市行政层级视角的人口流动影响机理研究》,《中国人口科学》,第1期。
3.侯慧丽(2016):《城市公共服务的供给差异及其对人口流动的影响》,《中国人口科学》,第1期。
4.蒋小荣、汪胜兰(2017):《中国地级以上城市人口流动网络研究——基于百度迁徙大数据的分析》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
5.陆铭(2011):《玻璃幕墙下的劳动力流动——制度约束、社会互动与滞后的城市化》,《南方经济》,第6期。
6.陆丰刚、陈寅平(2019):《市场化进程加速了人口流动吗?——人口流动的市场化陷阱》,《人口与发展》,第1期。
7.李拓、李斌(2015):《中国跨地区人口流动的影响因素——基于286个城市面板数据的空间计量检验》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
8.马荷花、王小军(2017):《中国省际城乡人口流动成因的研究——基于第六次人口普查数据》,《人口与发展》,第3期。
9.世界银行编(2009):《2009年世界发展报告:重塑世界经济地理》,清华大学出版社。
10.单豪杰(2008):《中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年》,《数量经济技术研究》,第10期。
11.朱平芳、徐大丰(2007):《中国城市人力资本的估算》,《经济研究》,第9期。
12.杨晓军(2017):《城市公共服务质量对人口流动的影响》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
13.钟水映、李春香(2015):《乡城人口流动的理论解释:农村人口退出视角——托达罗模型的再修正》,《人口研究》,第6期。
14.Becker G.S.(1964), Human Capital.New York:NBER.
15. Christoffersen S.K.,Sarkissian S.(2009),City Size and Fund Performance.Journal of Financial Economics. 92(3):252-275.
16.Kuznets S.(1973), Modern Economic Growth:Findings and Reflections. The A merican Economic Review. 63(3):247-258.
17.Kwon I.,Milgrom E.M.M.(2014),The Significance of Firm and Occupation Specific Human Capital for Hiring and Promotions.Labour Economics. 31:162-173.
18. Lazear E.P.(2009),Firm-specific Human Capital:A Skill-weights Approach. Journal of Political Economy.117(5):914-940.
19.Overman H.G.,Puga D.(2009),Labour Pooling as a Source of Agglomeration:An Empirical Investigation.CEPR Discussion Papers No. DP7174.
20.Ravenstein E.G.(1889),The Laws of Migration.Journal of the Ro yal Statis tical Soc iety.52(2):241-305.
21.Sanroma E.,Ramos R.,Simon H.(2015),How Relevant is the Origin of Human Capital for Immigrant Wages?Evidence From Spain.Journal of Applied Economics. 18(1):149-172.
22.Schultz T.(1962),Reflections on Investment in Man.Journal of Political Economy. 70(5):1-8.
23.Scott A.J.(2010),Jobs or Amenities?Destination Choices of Migrant Engineers in the USA. Papers in Regional Science. 89(1):43-63.
24.Teixeira A.A.C.,Queiros A.S.S.(2016),Economic Growth,Human Capital and Structural Change:A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis.Research Policy.45(8):1636-1648.
25.Tibout C.M.(1956),A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure.Journal of Political Economy. 64(5):416-424.
(1)根据国研网统计数据库(http://www.drcnet.com.cn/www/int/)计算。
(2)(3)根据历年《中国城乡建设统计年鉴》数据计算。
(1)国家卫健委:《中国流动人口发展报告2018(内容概要)》(http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/xwdt/201812/)。
(1)受篇幅所限,公式推导过程略。
(1)资料来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/)。
(1)日本数据取自http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/68nenkan/index.html;美国数据取自www.bea.gov和https://www.biggestuscities.com/。
2.黄燕芬、张超(2018):《城市行政层级视角的人口流动影响机理研究》,《中国人口科学》,第1期。
3.侯慧丽(2016):《城市公共服务的供给差异及其对人口流动的影响》,《中国人口科学》,第1期。
4.蒋小荣、汪胜兰(2017):《中国地级以上城市人口流动网络研究——基于百度迁徙大数据的分析》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
5.陆铭(2011):《玻璃幕墙下的劳动力流动——制度约束、社会互动与滞后的城市化》,《南方经济》,第6期。
6.陆丰刚、陈寅平(2019):《市场化进程加速了人口流动吗?——人口流动的市场化陷阱》,《人口与发展》,第1期。
7.李拓、李斌(2015):《中国跨地区人口流动的影响因素——基于286个城市面板数据的空间计量检验》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
8.马荷花、王小军(2017):《中国省际城乡人口流动成因的研究——基于第六次人口普查数据》,《人口与发展》,第3期。
9.世界银行编(2009):《2009年世界发展报告:重塑世界经济地理》,清华大学出版社。
10.单豪杰(2008):《中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年》,《数量经济技术研究》,第10期。
11.朱平芳、徐大丰(2007):《中国城市人力资本的估算》,《经济研究》,第9期。
12.杨晓军(2017):《城市公共服务质量对人口流动的影响》,《中国人口科学》,第2期。
13.钟水映、李春香(2015):《乡城人口流动的理论解释:农村人口退出视角——托达罗模型的再修正》,《人口研究》,第6期。
14.Becker G.S.(1964), Human Capital.New York:NBER.
15. Christoffersen S.K.,Sarkissian S.(2009),City Size and Fund Performance.Journal of Financial Economics. 92(3):252-275.
16.Kuznets S.(1973), Modern Economic Growth:Findings and Reflections. The A merican Economic Review. 63(3):247-258.
17.Kwon I.,Milgrom E.M.M.(2014),The Significance of Firm and Occupation Specific Human Capital for Hiring and Promotions.Labour Economics. 31:162-173.
18. Lazear E.P.(2009),Firm-specific Human Capital:A Skill-weights Approach. Journal of Political Economy.117(5):914-940.
19.Overman H.G.,Puga D.(2009),Labour Pooling as a Source of Agglomeration:An Empirical Investigation.CEPR Discussion Papers No. DP7174.
20.Ravenstein E.G.(1889),The Laws of Migration.Journal of the Ro yal Statis tical Soc iety.52(2):241-305.
21.Sanroma E.,Ramos R.,Simon H.(2015),How Relevant is the Origin of Human Capital for Immigrant Wages?Evidence From Spain.Journal of Applied Economics. 18(1):149-172.
22.Schultz T.(1962),Reflections on Investment in Man.Journal of Political Economy. 70(5):1-8.
23.Scott A.J.(2010),Jobs or Amenities?Destination Choices of Migrant Engineers in the USA. Papers in Regional Science. 89(1):43-63.
24.Teixeira A.A.C.,Queiros A.S.S.(2016),Economic Growth,Human Capital and Structural Change:A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis.Research Policy.45(8):1636-1648.
25.Tibout C.M.(1956),A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure.Journal of Political Economy. 64(5):416-424.
(1)根据国研网统计数据库(http://www.drcnet.com.cn/www/int/)计算。
(2)(3)根据历年《中国城乡建设统计年鉴》数据计算。
(1)国家卫健委:《中国流动人口发展报告2018(内容概要)》(http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/xwdt/201812/)。
(1)受篇幅所限,公式推导过程略。
(1)资料来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/)。
(1)日本数据取自http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/68nenkan/index.html;美国数据取自www.bea.gov和https://www.biggestuscities.com/。