GRAPES双参数云微物理方案的改进和云降水个例模拟研究:GRAPES_SCM对热带对流云个例的模拟研究
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摘要
应用全球-区域同化预报系统单柱模式(GRAPES_SCM),对热带暖池国际云试验(TWP-ICE)个例进行数值模拟。通过和实际观测资料进行对比,诊断并改进了Liuma云微物理方案对热带对流云微物理特征的模拟能力。结果显示在GRAPES_SCM框架下,Liuma原方案和WSM6(WRF single moment)方案均能呈现出TWP-ICE期间热带云系的发展特征,并能够明显区分试验期间的季风活跃期和季风抑制期。活跃期Liuma原始方案和WSM6方案模拟的冰云组成结构差异显著,在Liuma原始方案所模拟的冰相水凝物分布中,存在冰雪含量过少、霰过多的现象。改进后的Liuma方案对程序中各微物理过程计算顺序进行了优化,改进后霰质量混合比明显减少,冰雪质量混合比明显增加,冰相水凝物分布较合理。
In this study,the TWP-ICE case is simulated using GRAPES_SCM.By comparing with the observation data,we found that both the Liuma initial scheme and the WRF single moment scheme(WSM6)can well simulated the development of tropical cloud systems during the TWP-ICE.Besides,the active monsoon period and the monsoon suppression period are also reproduced.The results also show that the vertical distribution of ice-phase hydrometeors simulated by the Liuma initial scheme is very different from that simulated by the WSM6 scheme.Compared with the WSM6 scheme,the Liuma initial scheme produces much more graupel but less ice and snow.In the modified Liuma scheme,the order of calculation of the microphysical process is optimized.In the simulation with the modified Liuma scheme,the mixing ratio of graupel becomes smaller while the mixing ratio of ice and snow becomes larger,and surface the precipitation rate is closer to the observation.
In this study,the TWP-ICE case is simulated using GRAPES_SCM.By comparing with the observation data,we found that both the Liuma initial scheme and the WRF single moment scheme(WSM6)can well simulated the development of tropical cloud systems during the TWP-ICE.Besides,the active monsoon period and the monsoon suppression period are also reproduced.The results also show that the vertical distribution of ice-phase hydrometeors simulated by the Liuma initial scheme is very different from that simulated by the WSM6 scheme.Compared with the WSM6 scheme,the Liuma initial scheme produces much more graupel but less ice and snow.In the modified Liuma scheme,the order of calculation of the microphysical process is optimized.In the simulation with the modified Liuma scheme,the mixing ratio of graupel becomes smaller while the mixing ratio of ice and snow becomes larger,and surface the precipitation rate is closer to the observation.
引文
陈超君,王东海,李国平,等,2012.冬季高海拔复杂地形下GRAPESMeso要素预报的检验评估[J].气象,38(6):657-668.Chen C J,Wang D H,Li G P,et al,2012.A study of the GRAPES-Meso prediction verification for high altitude and complex terrain during winter time[J].Meteor Mon,38(6):657-668(in Chinese).
陈德辉,薛纪善,杨学胜,等,2008.GRAPES新一代全球/区域多尺度统一数值预报模式总体设计研究[J].科学通报,53(20):2396-2407.Chen D H,Xue J S,Yang X S,et al,2008.New generation of multi-scale NWP system(GRAPES):general scientific design[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(22):3433-3445(in Chinese).
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陈小敏,刘奇俊,章建成,2007.祁连山云系云微物理结构和人工增雨催化个例模拟研究[J].气象,33(7):33-43.Chen X M,Liu Q J,Zhang J C,2007.A numerical simulation study on microphysical structure and cloud seeding in cloud system of Qilian Mountain Region[J].Meteor Mon,33(7):33-43(in Chinese).
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胡志晋,严采蘩,1987.层状云微物理过程的数值模拟(二)——中纬度气旋云系的微物理过程[J].气象科学研究院院刊,2(2):23-32.Hu Z J,Yan C F,1987.Numerical simulation of microphysical processes of stratiform clouds(Ⅱ)—microphysical processes in middlelatitude cyclone cloud systems[J].J Academy Meteor Sci,2(2):23-32(in Chinese).
金莲姬,银燕,王盘兴,等,2007.热带深对流云砧数值模拟及云凝结核数浓度对其影响的初步试验[J].大气科学,31(5):793-804.Jin L J,Yin Y,Wang P X,et al,2007.Numerical modeling of tropical deep convective anvil and sensitivity test on its response to changes in the cloud condensation[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,31(5):793-804(in Chinese).
刘奇俊,胡志晋,周秀骥,2003.HLAFS显式云降水方案及其对暴雨和云的模拟(Ⅰ)云降水显式方案[J].应用气象学报,14(S1):60-67.Liu Q J,Hu Z J,Zhou X J,2003.Explicit cloud schemes of HLAFS and simulation of heavy rainfall and clouds,part I:explicit cloud schemes[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,14(S1):60-67(in Chinese).
梅海霞,沈新勇,王卫国,等,2015.双参数微物理方案在WRF单柱模式中的模拟检验和对比研究[J].高原气象,34(4):890-909.Mei H X,Shen X Y,Wang W G,et al,2015.Evaluation and comparison of two double-moment bulk microphysics schemes using WRF single-column model[J].Plateau Meteor,34(4):890-909(in Chinese).
聂皓浩,刘奇俊,马占山,2016.高分辨率GRAPES模式中云微物理方案对强降水的模拟和诊断研究[J].气象,42(12):1431-1444.Nie H H,Liu Q J,Ma Z S,2016.Simulation and analysis of heavy precipitation using cloud microphysical scheme coupled with high resolution GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,42(12):1431-1444(in Chinese).
沈新勇,梅海霞,王卫国,等,2015.双参数微物理方案的冰相过程模拟及冰核数浓度的影响试验[J].大气科学,39(1):83-99.Shen X Y,Mei H X,Wang W G,et al,2015.Numerical simulation of ice-phase processes using a double-moment microphysical scheme and a sensitivity test of ice nuclei concentration[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,39(1):83-99(in Chinese).
沈学顺,苏勇,胡江林,等,2017.GRAPES_GFS全球中期预报系统的研发和业务化[J].应用气象学报,28(1):1-10.Shen X S,Su Y,Hu J L,et al,2017.Development and operation transformation of GRAPES global middle-range forecast system[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):1-10(in Chinese).
石荣光,刘奇俊,马占山,2015.利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响[J].气象,41(3):272-285.Shi R G,Liu Q J,Ma Z S,2015.Numerical simulation of aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation using GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,41(3):272-285(in Chinese).
田伟红,2018.俄罗斯探空观测减少对GRAPES模式的影响分析[J].气象,44(2):320-325.Tian W H,2018.Impact of the reduced observation of Russia radiosonde on GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,44(2):320-325(in Chinese).
万晓敏,田伟红,韩威,等,2017.FY-2E云导风的算法改进及其在GRAPES中的同化应用研究[J].气象,43(1):1-10.Wan X M,Tian W H,Han W,et al,2017.The evaluation of FY 2E reprocessed IR AMVs in GRAPES[J].Meteor Mon,43(1):1-10(in Chinese).
王德立,徐国强,贾丽红,2013.GRAPES的积云对流参数化方案性能评估及其改进试验[J].气象,39(2):166-179.Wang D L,Xu G Q,Jia L H,2013.The evaluation of cumulus parameterization schemes in GRAPES model and its improved experiments[J].Meteor Mon,39(2):166-179(in Chinese).
王静,陈静,钟有亮,等,2017.GRAPES-REPS西南低涡预报检验评估[J].气象,43(4):385-401.Wang J,Chen J,Zhong Y L,et al,2017.Verification and evaluation of the southwest vortex forecast by GRAPES-REPS[J].Meteor Mon,43(4):385-401(in Chinese).
王婧卓,陈静,庄照荣,等,2018.GRAPES区域集合预报模式的初值扰动增长特征[J].大气科学,42(2):367-382.Wang J Z,Chen J,Zhuang Z R,et al,2018.Characteristics of initial perturbation growth rate in the regional ensemble prediction system of GRAPES[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,42(2):367-382(in Chinese).
王宇虹,徐国强,2017.青藏高原地形重力波拖曳的初步分析及数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,75(2):275-287.Wang Y H,Xu G Q,2017.Preliminary analysis of the gravity wave drag on QinghaiTibet Plateau and its numerical simulation[J].Acta Meteor Sin,75(2):275-287(in Chinese).
熊秋芬,2011.GRAPES_Meso模式的降水格点检验和站点检验分析[J].气象,37(2):185-193.Xiong Q F,2011. Verification of GRAPES_Meso precipitation forecasts based on fine-mash and station datasets[J].Meteor Mon,37(2):185-193(in Chinese).
杨军丽,沈学顺,2012.GRAPES单柱模式的试验研究[J].气象学报,70(2),275-290.Yang J L,Shen X S,2012.A case study of the GRAPES single column model[J].Acta Meteor Sin,70(2):275-290(in Chinese).
赵滨,张博,2018.邻域空间检验方法在降水评估中的应用[J].暴雨灾害,37(1):1-7.Zhao B,Zhang B,2018.Application of neighborhood spatial verification method on precipitation evaluation[J].Torr Rain Dis,37(1):1-7(in Chinese).
朱立娟,龚建东,黄丽萍,等,2017.GRAPES三维云初始场形成及在短临预报中的应用[J].应用气象学报,28(1):38-51.Zhu L J,Gong J D,Huang L P,et al,2017.Three-dimensional cloud initial field created and applied to GRAPES numerical weather prediction nowcasting[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):38-51(in Chinese).
Ball M A,Plant R S,2008.Comparison of stochastic parametrization approaches in a single-column mode[J].Philosophical Transactions,366(1875):2605-2623.
Davie L.2009.TWP-ICE single column model case[M].Technical Report.
Fridlind A M,Ackerman A S,Petch J, et al,2010.ARM/GCSS/SPARC TWP-ICE CRM intercomparison study[M].NASA Tech Memo.
Grabowski W W,Bechtold P,Cheng A,et al,2010.Daytime convective development over land:a model intercomparison based onLBA observations[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,132(615):317-344.
Hua C,Liu Q J,2013.Numerical simulation of cloud microphysical characteristics of landfall typhoon Krosa[J].J Trop Meteor,19(3):284-296.
Li Z,Zhang Y T,Liu Q J,et al,2018:A study of the influence of microphysical processes on Typhoon Nida(2016)using a new Double-Moment microphysics scheme[J].J Trop Meteor,24(2):123-130.
May P T,Mather J H,Vaughan G,et al,2008.Characterizing oceanic convective cloud systems[J].Bull Ame Meteor Soc,89(2):153-154.
Morrison H,Shupe M D,Curry J A,2003.Modeling clouds observed at SHEBA using a bulk microphysics parameterization implemented into a single-column model[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,108(D8):1048-1053.
Rosenfeld D,Woodley W L,2000.Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to-37.5℃[J].Nature,405(6785):440-442.
Posselt R,Lohmann U,2007.Introduction of prognostic rain in ECHAM5:design and single column model simulations[J].Atmos Chem Phys Discuss,8(11):2949-2963.
Xie S C,Hume T,Jakob C,et al,2010,Observed large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying profiles during TWP-ICE[J].J Climate,23(1):57-80.
Yang J L,Shen X S,2011.The construction of SCM in GRAPES and its applications in two field experiment simulations[J].Adv Atmos Sci,28(3):534-550.
陈德辉,薛纪善,杨学胜,等,2008.GRAPES新一代全球/区域多尺度统一数值预报模式总体设计研究[J].科学通报,53(20):2396-2407.Chen D H,Xue J S,Yang X S,et al,2008.New generation of multi-scale NWP system(GRAPES):general scientific design[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(22):3433-3445(in Chinese).
陈炯,马占山,苏勇,2017.适用于GRAPES模式C-P边界层方案的设计和实现[J].应用气象学报,28(1):52-61.Chen J,Ma Z S,Su Y,2017.Boundary layer coupling to charney-phillips vertical grid in GRAPES Model[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):52-61(in Chinese).
陈小敏,刘奇俊,章建成,2007.祁连山云系云微物理结构和人工增雨催化个例模拟研究[J].气象,33(7):33-43.Chen X M,Liu Q J,Zhang J C,2007.A numerical simulation study on microphysical structure and cloud seeding in cloud system of Qilian Mountain Region[J].Meteor Mon,33(7):33-43(in Chinese).
胡志晋,严采蘩,1986.层状云微物理过程的数值模拟(一)——微物理模式[J].气象科学研究院院刊,1(1):37-52.Hu Z J,Yan C F,1986.Numerical simulation of microphysical processes in stratiform clouds(I)—microphysical model[J].J Academy Meteor Sci,1(1):37-52(in Chinese).
胡志晋,严采蘩,1987.层状云微物理过程的数值模拟(二)——中纬度气旋云系的微物理过程[J].气象科学研究院院刊,2(2):23-32.Hu Z J,Yan C F,1987.Numerical simulation of microphysical processes of stratiform clouds(Ⅱ)—microphysical processes in middlelatitude cyclone cloud systems[J].J Academy Meteor Sci,2(2):23-32(in Chinese).
金莲姬,银燕,王盘兴,等,2007.热带深对流云砧数值模拟及云凝结核数浓度对其影响的初步试验[J].大气科学,31(5):793-804.Jin L J,Yin Y,Wang P X,et al,2007.Numerical modeling of tropical deep convective anvil and sensitivity test on its response to changes in the cloud condensation[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,31(5):793-804(in Chinese).
刘奇俊,胡志晋,周秀骥,2003.HLAFS显式云降水方案及其对暴雨和云的模拟(Ⅰ)云降水显式方案[J].应用气象学报,14(S1):60-67.Liu Q J,Hu Z J,Zhou X J,2003.Explicit cloud schemes of HLAFS and simulation of heavy rainfall and clouds,part I:explicit cloud schemes[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,14(S1):60-67(in Chinese).
梅海霞,沈新勇,王卫国,等,2015.双参数微物理方案在WRF单柱模式中的模拟检验和对比研究[J].高原气象,34(4):890-909.Mei H X,Shen X Y,Wang W G,et al,2015.Evaluation and comparison of two double-moment bulk microphysics schemes using WRF single-column model[J].Plateau Meteor,34(4):890-909(in Chinese).
聂皓浩,刘奇俊,马占山,2016.高分辨率GRAPES模式中云微物理方案对强降水的模拟和诊断研究[J].气象,42(12):1431-1444.Nie H H,Liu Q J,Ma Z S,2016.Simulation and analysis of heavy precipitation using cloud microphysical scheme coupled with high resolution GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,42(12):1431-1444(in Chinese).
沈新勇,梅海霞,王卫国,等,2015.双参数微物理方案的冰相过程模拟及冰核数浓度的影响试验[J].大气科学,39(1):83-99.Shen X Y,Mei H X,Wang W G,et al,2015.Numerical simulation of ice-phase processes using a double-moment microphysical scheme and a sensitivity test of ice nuclei concentration[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,39(1):83-99(in Chinese).
沈学顺,苏勇,胡江林,等,2017.GRAPES_GFS全球中期预报系统的研发和业务化[J].应用气象学报,28(1):1-10.Shen X S,Su Y,Hu J L,et al,2017.Development and operation transformation of GRAPES global middle-range forecast system[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):1-10(in Chinese).
石荣光,刘奇俊,马占山,2015.利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响[J].气象,41(3):272-285.Shi R G,Liu Q J,Ma Z S,2015.Numerical simulation of aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation using GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,41(3):272-285(in Chinese).
田伟红,2018.俄罗斯探空观测减少对GRAPES模式的影响分析[J].气象,44(2):320-325.Tian W H,2018.Impact of the reduced observation of Russia radiosonde on GRAPES model[J].Meteor Mon,44(2):320-325(in Chinese).
万晓敏,田伟红,韩威,等,2017.FY-2E云导风的算法改进及其在GRAPES中的同化应用研究[J].气象,43(1):1-10.Wan X M,Tian W H,Han W,et al,2017.The evaluation of FY 2E reprocessed IR AMVs in GRAPES[J].Meteor Mon,43(1):1-10(in Chinese).
王德立,徐国强,贾丽红,2013.GRAPES的积云对流参数化方案性能评估及其改进试验[J].气象,39(2):166-179.Wang D L,Xu G Q,Jia L H,2013.The evaluation of cumulus parameterization schemes in GRAPES model and its improved experiments[J].Meteor Mon,39(2):166-179(in Chinese).
王静,陈静,钟有亮,等,2017.GRAPES-REPS西南低涡预报检验评估[J].气象,43(4):385-401.Wang J,Chen J,Zhong Y L,et al,2017.Verification and evaluation of the southwest vortex forecast by GRAPES-REPS[J].Meteor Mon,43(4):385-401(in Chinese).
王婧卓,陈静,庄照荣,等,2018.GRAPES区域集合预报模式的初值扰动增长特征[J].大气科学,42(2):367-382.Wang J Z,Chen J,Zhuang Z R,et al,2018.Characteristics of initial perturbation growth rate in the regional ensemble prediction system of GRAPES[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,42(2):367-382(in Chinese).
王宇虹,徐国强,2017.青藏高原地形重力波拖曳的初步分析及数值模拟研究[J].气象学报,75(2):275-287.Wang Y H,Xu G Q,2017.Preliminary analysis of the gravity wave drag on QinghaiTibet Plateau and its numerical simulation[J].Acta Meteor Sin,75(2):275-287(in Chinese).
熊秋芬,2011.GRAPES_Meso模式的降水格点检验和站点检验分析[J].气象,37(2):185-193.Xiong Q F,2011. Verification of GRAPES_Meso precipitation forecasts based on fine-mash and station datasets[J].Meteor Mon,37(2):185-193(in Chinese).
杨军丽,沈学顺,2012.GRAPES单柱模式的试验研究[J].气象学报,70(2),275-290.Yang J L,Shen X S,2012.A case study of the GRAPES single column model[J].Acta Meteor Sin,70(2):275-290(in Chinese).
赵滨,张博,2018.邻域空间检验方法在降水评估中的应用[J].暴雨灾害,37(1):1-7.Zhao B,Zhang B,2018.Application of neighborhood spatial verification method on precipitation evaluation[J].Torr Rain Dis,37(1):1-7(in Chinese).
朱立娟,龚建东,黄丽萍,等,2017.GRAPES三维云初始场形成及在短临预报中的应用[J].应用气象学报,28(1):38-51.Zhu L J,Gong J D,Huang L P,et al,2017.Three-dimensional cloud initial field created and applied to GRAPES numerical weather prediction nowcasting[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,28(1):38-51(in Chinese).
Ball M A,Plant R S,2008.Comparison of stochastic parametrization approaches in a single-column mode[J].Philosophical Transactions,366(1875):2605-2623.
Davie L.2009.TWP-ICE single column model case[M].Technical Report.
Fridlind A M,Ackerman A S,Petch J, et al,2010.ARM/GCSS/SPARC TWP-ICE CRM intercomparison study[M].NASA Tech Memo.
Grabowski W W,Bechtold P,Cheng A,et al,2010.Daytime convective development over land:a model intercomparison based onLBA observations[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,132(615):317-344.
Hua C,Liu Q J,2013.Numerical simulation of cloud microphysical characteristics of landfall typhoon Krosa[J].J Trop Meteor,19(3):284-296.
Li Z,Zhang Y T,Liu Q J,et al,2018:A study of the influence of microphysical processes on Typhoon Nida(2016)using a new Double-Moment microphysics scheme[J].J Trop Meteor,24(2):123-130.
May P T,Mather J H,Vaughan G,et al,2008.Characterizing oceanic convective cloud systems[J].Bull Ame Meteor Soc,89(2):153-154.
Morrison H,Shupe M D,Curry J A,2003.Modeling clouds observed at SHEBA using a bulk microphysics parameterization implemented into a single-column model[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,108(D8):1048-1053.
Rosenfeld D,Woodley W L,2000.Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to-37.5℃[J].Nature,405(6785):440-442.
Posselt R,Lohmann U,2007.Introduction of prognostic rain in ECHAM5:design and single column model simulations[J].Atmos Chem Phys Discuss,8(11):2949-2963.
Xie S C,Hume T,Jakob C,et al,2010,Observed large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying profiles during TWP-ICE[J].J Climate,23(1):57-80.
Yang J L,Shen X S,2011.The construction of SCM in GRAPES and its applications in two field experiment simulations[J].Adv Atmos Sci,28(3):534-550.