稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长及养分积累的影响
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摘要
【目的】冬油菜产量常受限于季节性干旱、冬季低温以及土壤肥力较低等因素。考虑到秸秆还田有培肥土壤的优势以及长江中下游地区稻草过剩的现实,通过田间试验研究稻油轮作区稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长的影响,探讨稻草整株覆盖还田对直播油菜生育期内密度、株高、根茎粗的变化特征及其对油菜产量和养分吸收量的影响。【方法】试验于2014—2015和2015—2016年在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验场进行,共设置4个处理,分别为:1)对照,不施肥稻草不还田(CK);2)不施肥稻草覆盖还田(S);3)单施化肥(NPK);4)稻草覆盖还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)肥料用量为N 180 kg/hm~2、P2O5 60 kg/hm~2、K2O75 kg/hm~2、硼砂15 kg/hm~2。分别于油菜苗期、蕾薹期、花期、角果期和成熟期取样,测定油菜地上部生物量,氮磷钾含量和积累量,并在田间监测油菜生育期内密度、株高和根茎粗。【结果】稻草覆盖还田提高土壤最低温度0.6～1.2℃(播后95天),降低土壤最高温度0.8～1.8℃(播后184天),缩小土壤温度变幅2.3℃(播后95～184天),提高土壤平均含水量8.0%～8.9%(播后48～184天)。与稻草不覆盖相比,稻草覆盖还田减少冬油菜80%以上的出苗密度;与出苗密度相比,成熟期CK、S、NPK和NPK+S处理的密度分别降低71.3%、40.3%、69.5%和32.1%,稻草还田处理的油菜生育期内密度降低幅度小于稻草不还田处理。油菜成熟期S处理的根茎粗和株高分别比CK显著提高了22.7%和8.3%,NPK+S和NPK处理株高和根茎粗无明显差异。两年结果表明,S处理的最大生物量较CK平均增加了88.6%,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的地上部苗期生物量降低3.7%～27.9%,角果期生物量平均增加28.1%。CK和S处理氮、磷和钾素积累量均在蕾薹期—花期差异较大,成熟期S处理的氮、磷积累量分别较CK高28.6%～268.2%、93.3%～253.1%,两年增产率分别为218.8%和28.5%;施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)冬油菜氮、磷和钾积累量随生育期持续增加,均在角果期达到最大值,与NPK相比,NPK+S处理分别提高成熟期油菜氮、磷和钾积累量18.1%～19.1%、23.7%～36.9%和28.3%～56.9%,两年分别增产1811和1032 kg/hm~2,增产率分别达到25.6%和20.3%。【结论】稻草覆盖还田能缓解气温骤变对土壤温度的影响,保持土壤含水量,缓解土壤干旱。稻草覆盖还田前期抑制直播冬油菜的出苗密度,后期可维持冬油菜密度的稳定,同时对冬油菜的生长、生物量、产量和养分吸收量有促进作用。
【Objectives】The yield of winter oilseed rape is limited by seasonal drought, low temperature in winter and low soil fertility. Based on the advantages of straw returning to soil and the quantity of the surplus rice straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, field experiment was conducted to study the effect of straw mulching during the growing season of direct-sown winter oilseed rape in the rice-rapeseed rotation area.Changes of plant density, plant height and rhizome thickness, oilseed rape yield and nutrients uptake under straw mulching were explored.【Methods】Two years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) of field experiment were conducted at the test field of Huazhong Agricultural University in Wuhan, Hubei province. Four treatments were as followed: 1) Control(CK), without fertilization and no straw returning to field; 2) straw mulching to the field but no fertilization(S); 3) chemical fertilization only(NPK); 4) straw mulching and chemical fertilization(NPK + S). Fertilization treatments(NPK, NPK + S) recieved: N 180 kg/hm~2, P2 O5 60 kg/hm~2, K2 O75 kg/hm~2 and borax 15 kg/hm~2. The samples were taken at seedling, bud-bolt, flowering, pod and maturity stages respectively to determine biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium contents and accumulation amount of oilseed rape. Oilseed rape density, plant height and rhizome thickness were measured in the field.【Results】The straw mulching could increase the soil minimum temperature by 0.6–1.2 degrees(95 days after sowing), and reduce the highest soil temperature by 0.8–1.8 degrees centigrade(184 days after sowing), reduce soil temperature variation by 2.3 degrees centigrade(95–184 days after sowing) and increase soil average moisture content by8.0%–8.9%(48–184 days after sowing). Straw mulching reduced the seedling density of winter oilseed rape by more than 80% compared with no mulching. The density of CK, S, NPK and NPK + S at maturity stage decreased by 71.3%, 40.3%, 69.5% and 32.1% respectively, compared with those at emergence. The density reduction range of oilseed rape with straw mulching was less than that of no mulching during the growth period. The rhizome thickness and plant height of the S treatment were 22.7% and 8.3% higher than those of CK treatment at mature stage, respectively. No significant difference was showed between NPK + S and NPK treatments. Two years' field experiments showed that the maximum biomass of S treatment was increased by88.6% on average compared with CK. Compared to the NPK treatment, the biomass of NPK + S treatment at seedling stage decreased by 3.7%–27.9%, but that in the pod stage increased by 28.1%. The CK and S treatments had significant differences in N, P and K accumulation at the bud-bolting and flowering stages. The accumulation of N, P of S treatment was higher than that of CK at maturity by 28.6%–268.2% and93.3%–253.1% respectively, with the yield increment by 218.8% and 28.5% respectively. The accumulation of N, P and K in winter oilseed rape increased with the advance of growth season and reached the maximum at the pod stage with fertilization(NPK, NPK + S) treatments. The NPK + S treatment yielded N, P and K accumulation of 18.1%–19.1%, 23.7%–36.9% and 28.3%–56.9% higher than the NPK treatment at maturity stage, respectively. Compared with NPK treatment, oilseed rape yield of NPK + S increased by 1811 and 1032 kg/hm~2 during the two seasons, with the increasing rates of 25.6% and 20.3%, respectively.【Conclusions】Straw mulching could alleviate the effect of soil temperature fluctuation, maintain soil moisture content to alleviate soil dryness. Straw mulching inhibits the seedling density of oilseed rape at the early stage. However, in the later period, straw mulching could maintain rape density, promoting growth, biomass, yield and nutrient absorption of winter oilseed rape.
【Objectives】The yield of winter oilseed rape is limited by seasonal drought, low temperature in winter and low soil fertility. Based on the advantages of straw returning to soil and the quantity of the surplus rice straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, field experiment was conducted to study the effect of straw mulching during the growing season of direct-sown winter oilseed rape in the rice-rapeseed rotation area.Changes of plant density, plant height and rhizome thickness, oilseed rape yield and nutrients uptake under straw mulching were explored.【Methods】Two years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) of field experiment were conducted at the test field of Huazhong Agricultural University in Wuhan, Hubei province. Four treatments were as followed: 1) Control(CK), without fertilization and no straw returning to field; 2) straw mulching to the field but no fertilization(S); 3) chemical fertilization only(NPK); 4) straw mulching and chemical fertilization(NPK + S). Fertilization treatments(NPK, NPK + S) recieved: N 180 kg/hm~2, P2 O5 60 kg/hm~2, K2 O75 kg/hm~2 and borax 15 kg/hm~2. The samples were taken at seedling, bud-bolt, flowering, pod and maturity stages respectively to determine biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium contents and accumulation amount of oilseed rape. Oilseed rape density, plant height and rhizome thickness were measured in the field.【Results】The straw mulching could increase the soil minimum temperature by 0.6–1.2 degrees(95 days after sowing), and reduce the highest soil temperature by 0.8–1.8 degrees centigrade(184 days after sowing), reduce soil temperature variation by 2.3 degrees centigrade(95–184 days after sowing) and increase soil average moisture content by8.0%–8.9%(48–184 days after sowing). Straw mulching reduced the seedling density of winter oilseed rape by more than 80% compared with no mulching. The density of CK, S, NPK and NPK + S at maturity stage decreased by 71.3%, 40.3%, 69.5% and 32.1% respectively, compared with those at emergence. The density reduction range of oilseed rape with straw mulching was less than that of no mulching during the growth period. The rhizome thickness and plant height of the S treatment were 22.7% and 8.3% higher than those of CK treatment at mature stage, respectively. No significant difference was showed between NPK + S and NPK treatments. Two years' field experiments showed that the maximum biomass of S treatment was increased by88.6% on average compared with CK. Compared to the NPK treatment, the biomass of NPK + S treatment at seedling stage decreased by 3.7%–27.9%, but that in the pod stage increased by 28.1%. The CK and S treatments had significant differences in N, P and K accumulation at the bud-bolting and flowering stages. The accumulation of N, P of S treatment was higher than that of CK at maturity by 28.6%–268.2% and93.3%–253.1% respectively, with the yield increment by 218.8% and 28.5% respectively. The accumulation of N, P and K in winter oilseed rape increased with the advance of growth season and reached the maximum at the pod stage with fertilization(NPK, NPK + S) treatments. The NPK + S treatment yielded N, P and K accumulation of 18.1%–19.1%, 23.7%–36.9% and 28.3%–56.9% higher than the NPK treatment at maturity stage, respectively. Compared with NPK treatment, oilseed rape yield of NPK + S increased by 1811 and 1032 kg/hm~2 during the two seasons, with the increasing rates of 25.6% and 20.3%, respectively.【Conclusions】Straw mulching could alleviate the effect of soil temperature fluctuation, maintain soil moisture content to alleviate soil dryness. Straw mulching inhibits the seedling density of oilseed rape at the early stage. However, in the later period, straw mulching could maintain rape density, promoting growth, biomass, yield and nutrient absorption of winter oilseed rape.
引文
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[3]武际.水旱轮作条件下秸秆还田的培肥和增产效应[D].武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2012.Wu J.Effects of straw return on soil fertility and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system[D].Wuhan:PhD Dissertation of Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.
[4]Huang S,Zeng Y,Wu J,et al.Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China:A meta-analysis[J].Field Crops Research,2014,154(3):188-194.
[5]刘禹池,曾祥忠,冯文强,等.稻-油轮作下长期秸秆还田与施肥对作物产量和土壤理化性状的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1450-1459.Liu Y C,Zeng X Z,Feng W Q,et al.Effects of long-term straw mulch and fertilization on crop yields and soil physical and chemical properties under rice-rapeseed rotation[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1450-1459.
[6]苏伟,鲁剑巍,周广生,等.稻草还田对油菜生长、土壤温度及湿度的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):366-373.Su W,Lu J W,Zhou G S,et al.Influence of straw returning on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)growth,soil temperature and moisture[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(2):366-373.
[7]陈红琳,陈尚洪,王昌桃,等.成都平原不同秸秆还田量对土壤水分及机播油菜生长的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2015,(2):264-268.Chen H L,Chen S H,Wang C T,et al.Effects of different amounts of straw returning on soil water and the growth of mechanized sowing rapeseed in Chengdu Plain[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2015,(2):264-268.
[8]孙丽敏,李春杰,何萍,等.长期施钾和秸秆还田对河北潮土区作物产量和土壤钾素状况的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(5):1096-1102.Sun L M,Li C J,He P,et al.Effects of long-term K application and straw returning on crop yield and soil K status in fluvo-aquic soil of Hebei Province[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(5):1096-1102.
[9]张学昆,张春雷,廖星,等.2008年长江流域油菜低温冻害调查分析[J].中国油料作物学报,2008,30(1):122-126.Zhang X K,Zhang C L,Liao X,et al.Investigation on 2008'low temperature and freeze injure on winter oilseed rape along Yangtze River[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2008,30(1):122-126.
[10]刘芳.基于水稻秸秆覆盖还田的免耕直播油菜栽培模式研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2012.Liu F.Study on cultivation mode of no-tillage direct-seeding based on rice straw mulching[D].Wuhan:MS Thesis of Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.
[11]张刚,王德建,俞元春,等.秸秆全量还田与氮肥用量对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及氮素损失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):877-885.Zhang G,Wang D J,Yu Y C,et al.Effects of straw incorporation plus nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(4):877-885.
[12]张磊,戴志刚,鲁明星,等.秸秆还田方式对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2017,56(1):51-55.Zhang L,Dai Z G,Lu M X,et al.The effect of straw returning on rice yield and nutrient absorption[J].Hubei Agricultural Science,2017,56(1):51-55.
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