钾肥施用对元帅苹果果实内源激素含量及酸代谢的影响
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摘要
钾对果实生长发育具有重要作用,明确钾对苹果果实酸代谢的调控机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。采用2a的田间定位试验,以7 a生瓦里短枝(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,按K_2O用量设5个处理,分别为T1(0.20 kg/株)、T2(0.35 kg/株)、T3(0.50 kg/株)、T4(0.65 kg/株)和CK(不施钾肥),分初果期(钾肥用量的30%)、果实膨大期(钾肥用量的40%)和果实成熟期(钾肥用量的30%)3次施入,研究了钾对果实品质、果实内源激素含量及酸代谢的影响。施钾处理显著提高了果实单果质量、Vc含量、硬度及可溶性固形物含量,显著降低了可滴定酸含量,2016年和2017年T4可滴定酸含量较CK分别下降了26.47%和18.18%。在不同生育期,各处理苹果树新稍、叶片及果实中钾积累量大小顺序依次为:T4﹥T3﹥T2﹥T1﹥CK,T4和T3之间差异不显著(P﹤0.05)。施钾处理提高了花后30～120 d果实中(zeatin riboside,ZR)、(indol-3yl-acetic acid,IAA)、(gibberellic acid,GA)的含量及花后150 d果实中(abscisic acid,ABA)的含量,T3对ABA含量影响最显著(P<0.05),花后150 d时2016年和2017年T3 ABA含量较CK分别提高了15.28%和18.08%。苹果酸与柠檬酸的含量随施钾量的增加而降低,花后150 d时2016年T4苹果酸和柠檬酸含量较CK分别下降了34.68%和12.3%,2017年分别下降了32.60%和16.0%。(malatedehydrogenase,MDH)和(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)活性随施钾量增加而降低,(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)活性及NAD-cy ME活性随施钾量增加而升高,花后150d时,2016年T4PEPCK和NAD-cyME活性较CK分别提高了13.3%和16.9%,2017年分别提高了18.9%和20.3%。果实成熟期,单果质量和可溶性固形物含量与IAA和ABA呈极显著正相关(P﹤0.01),可滴定酸含量与GA、ZR和IAA呈显著正相关(P﹤0.05),与ABA呈极显著负相关(P﹤0.01)。苹果酸和草酰乙酸与ZR和IAA呈极显著正相关(P﹤0.01),而与ABA呈极显著负相关(P﹤0.01)。MDH和PEPC与IAA呈显著正相关(P﹤0.05),与ABA呈显著负相关(P﹤0.05)。PEPCK与ABA呈极显著正相关(P﹤0.01)。NAD-cy ME与IAA呈显著负相关(P﹤0.05),与ABA呈显著正相关(P﹤0.05)。钾通过调节果实内源激素的含量而影响有机酸代谢相关酶活性,进而对果实酸代谢产生调控作用。
Absrtact: K plays an important role in fruit growth and development. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the regulation mechanism of Kon acid metabolism in apple fruit. In this study, the field positioning experiment of 2 years was used, and the 7-year-old ‘Vallee spur Del.' apple tree was used as the research object. The K-free fertilizer was used as the control(CK), and 4 treatments were set according to the K_2O dosage, namely T1(0.20 kg/plant), T2(0.35 kg/plant), T3(0.50 kg/plant) and T4(0.65 kg/plant). All of the treatments were applied three times, namely including initial fruiting stage(30%), fruit expansion stage(40%) and fruit ripening stage (30%). Four radial 30～40 cm deep ditches were excavated in the tree pan during fertilization and irrigated after fertilization. The regulation mechanism of K on acid metabolism of ‘Red Delicious' apple fruit was discussed through the determination and analysis of K accumulation, fruit quality, endogenous hormone content, organic acid content and acid metabolism related enzyme activities in different organs during its growth and development. The results showed that fruit weight, Vc content, soluble solids content and hardness increased with the increase of K application, but there was no significant difference between T4 and T3(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, the single fruit weight, Vc content and hardness of T4 increased by 24.40%, 14.60% and 7.68% in 2016, and also increased by 16.30%, 14.55% and 6.93% in 2017, respectively. The titratable acid content decreased with the increase of K application, and the difference of T4 was the most significant(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, the titratable acid content of T4 in 2016 and 2017 decreased by 26.47% and 18.18%, respectively. At different growth stages, the order of K accumulation was T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > CK, and there was no significant difference between T4 and T3(P < 0.05). The absorption and storage of K~+ in leaves are mainly concentrated in the early growth stage. With the growth and development of trees, K accumulated in leaves gradually transfers to fruit branches and other parts for their growth and development, resulting in the gradual decrease of K~+ content in leaves. K application increased the contents of ZR, IAA and GA in fruits from 30 to 120 days after anthesis, and ABA content at 150 days after anthesis. T3 had the most significant effect on the content of ABA(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, ABA content of T3 increased by 15.28% and 18.08% in 2016 and 2017 at 150 days after anthesis, respectively. The content of malic acid and citric acid decreased with the increase of K application. Compared with CK, the content of malic acid and citric acid of T4 at 150 days after anthesis decreased by 34.68% and 12.3% in 2016, and also decreased by 32.60% and 16.0% in 2017, respectively. The activities of MDH and PEPC decreased with the increase of K application, while the activities of PEPCK and NAD-cy ME increased with the increase of K application from 120 d to 150 d after anthesis. The activities of PEPCK and NAD-cy ME from T4 at 150 days after anthesis increased by 13.3% and 16.9% in 2016, and also increased by 18.9% and 20.3% in 2017, respectively. At the ripening stage, single fruit weight and soluble solids content were positively correlated with IAA and ABA(P < 0.01), titratable acid content was positively correlated with GA, ZR and IAA(P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). Malic acid and oxaloacetic acid were positively correlated with ZR and IAA(P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). MDH and PEPC were positively correlated with IAA(P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.05). PEPCK was positively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). NAD-cy ME was negatively correlated with IAA(P < 0.05) and positively correlated with ABA(P < 0.05). In conclusion, K affects the activity of enzymes related to organic acid metabolism by regulating the content of endogenous hormones in fruits, and then affects the acid metabolism of fruits, reduces the organic acid content in fruits, and improves the fruit quality.
Absrtact: K plays an important role in fruit growth and development. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the regulation mechanism of Kon acid metabolism in apple fruit. In this study, the field positioning experiment of 2 years was used, and the 7-year-old ‘Vallee spur Del.' apple tree was used as the research object. The K-free fertilizer was used as the control(CK), and 4 treatments were set according to the K_2O dosage, namely T1(0.20 kg/plant), T2(0.35 kg/plant), T3(0.50 kg/plant) and T4(0.65 kg/plant). All of the treatments were applied three times, namely including initial fruiting stage(30%), fruit expansion stage(40%) and fruit ripening stage (30%). Four radial 30～40 cm deep ditches were excavated in the tree pan during fertilization and irrigated after fertilization. The regulation mechanism of K on acid metabolism of ‘Red Delicious' apple fruit was discussed through the determination and analysis of K accumulation, fruit quality, endogenous hormone content, organic acid content and acid metabolism related enzyme activities in different organs during its growth and development. The results showed that fruit weight, Vc content, soluble solids content and hardness increased with the increase of K application, but there was no significant difference between T4 and T3(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, the single fruit weight, Vc content and hardness of T4 increased by 24.40%, 14.60% and 7.68% in 2016, and also increased by 16.30%, 14.55% and 6.93% in 2017, respectively. The titratable acid content decreased with the increase of K application, and the difference of T4 was the most significant(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, the titratable acid content of T4 in 2016 and 2017 decreased by 26.47% and 18.18%, respectively. At different growth stages, the order of K accumulation was T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > CK, and there was no significant difference between T4 and T3(P < 0.05). The absorption and storage of K~+ in leaves are mainly concentrated in the early growth stage. With the growth and development of trees, K accumulated in leaves gradually transfers to fruit branches and other parts for their growth and development, resulting in the gradual decrease of K~+ content in leaves. K application increased the contents of ZR, IAA and GA in fruits from 30 to 120 days after anthesis, and ABA content at 150 days after anthesis. T3 had the most significant effect on the content of ABA(P < 0.05). Compared with CK, ABA content of T3 increased by 15.28% and 18.08% in 2016 and 2017 at 150 days after anthesis, respectively. The content of malic acid and citric acid decreased with the increase of K application. Compared with CK, the content of malic acid and citric acid of T4 at 150 days after anthesis decreased by 34.68% and 12.3% in 2016, and also decreased by 32.60% and 16.0% in 2017, respectively. The activities of MDH and PEPC decreased with the increase of K application, while the activities of PEPCK and NAD-cy ME increased with the increase of K application from 120 d to 150 d after anthesis. The activities of PEPCK and NAD-cy ME from T4 at 150 days after anthesis increased by 13.3% and 16.9% in 2016, and also increased by 18.9% and 20.3% in 2017, respectively. At the ripening stage, single fruit weight and soluble solids content were positively correlated with IAA and ABA(P < 0.01), titratable acid content was positively correlated with GA, ZR and IAA(P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). Malic acid and oxaloacetic acid were positively correlated with ZR and IAA(P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). MDH and PEPC were positively correlated with IAA(P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with ABA(P < 0.05). PEPCK was positively correlated with ABA(P < 0.01). NAD-cy ME was negatively correlated with IAA(P < 0.05) and positively correlated with ABA(P < 0.05). In conclusion, K affects the activity of enzymes related to organic acid metabolism by regulating the content of endogenous hormones in fruits, and then affects the acid metabolism of fruits, reduces the organic acid content in fruits, and improves the fruit quality.
引文
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