包头市达茂旗居民点空间分布变化及其影响因素分析
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摘要
深刻把握居民点空间分布和变化规律及其与影响因素的关系,对居民点整治、优化布局及实施乡村振兴战略规划具有重要意义。以包头市达茂旗为例,综合土地利用、地名志、旗志等历史数据资料,采用核密度分析、重心迁移等空间分析方法,探索揭示居民点空间分布特征及演变规律,选取DEM、坡度、坡向、距水域距离及距道路距离、距城镇距离、民族文化、人口数量、政府政策因子,分析居民点空间分布与自然环境、社会经济影响因素的内在关系。研究表明:1)2012年达茂旗居民点分布集聚特征明显,达到集聚峰值1.416个/km2。1996-2016年间达茂旗居民点分布重心向东南部迁移,逐渐靠近百灵庙镇。2)在DEM和坡度对居民点分布的影响上呈倒"U"型特征,即先增加到峰值后逐渐减少,DEM的峰值为1 400～1 600m,坡度峰值为3.056°～5.446°。在坡向选择上逐渐倾向于南坡等阳坡,且比重逐年增大,但仍有部分居民点分布在阴坡。达茂旗居民点空间分布在距水域距离上并未呈现出明显的近水性,而在距水域7～10km区间分布数量最多。3)道路距离上呈现出明显的近道路取向,2016年居民点分布在距道路距离为0～1 000 m内的个数占98.77%,表明道路与居民点之间具有相互影响、相互作用的关系。中心城镇对居民点的辐射影响仅局限一定范围内,居民点空间分布远离中心城镇。达茂旗农区和牧区的居民点个数与其人口数量相关性呈现不同特征,1996年、2016年牧区蒙古族人口数量与居民点个数呈显著正相关。蒙古族游牧文化促使居民点分布呈"满天星"的高度分散特征,政府政策对达茂旗居民点空间分布及格局具有重要影响。
Grasping the change rule and the distribution of rural settlements in farming-pastoral zone has significant meaning to rectifying residential areas,optimizing layout,and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning.This paper took Damao Banner of Baotou city in Inner Mongolia,a typical farming-pastoral ecotone in the north of Yinshan Mountain,as the study region,and we used historical data materials such as land cover types,toponymy records,scoio-economic data came from the Statistical Yearbook of Damao Banner in 1996,2012 and 2016,based on Kernel density analysis and model of Gravity Migration to explore and reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution of rural settlements.Meanwhile,its influencing factors mainly include elevation,slope,aspect,distance to water,distance to road,distance to towns,national culture,population and government policies,etc.We analyzed the intrinsic relationship between the spatial distribution of the rural settlements and the factors by using GIS(geographic information system) spatial analysis software.The results showed that:1) the distribution characteristic of rural settlements in Damao Banner in 2012 was obvious,reaching a peak of 1.416/km2.From 1996 to 2016,the distribution center of Damao Banner' rural settlements moved to the southeast and gradually approached Bailingmiao Town.2) The influence of DEM and slope on the distribution of rural settlements was inverted U-shaped.It increased first and then decreased gradually.The peak value of DEM was 1 400-1 600 m,and the peak value of slope was 3.056°-5.446°.The choice of aspect was gradually inclined to the south aspect,southwest aspect and the proportion increased year by year,but some rural settlements were still distributed on the shady aspect,for example north aspect and northeast aspect,which was affected by geographical environment,national culture,and government policy.The spatial distribution of the rural settlements of Damao Banner did not show obvious near-water characteristic in terms of the distance to water area,but they mostly distributed in 7-10 km away from the water.3) The road distance showed obvious near-road orientation.In 2016,the number of rural settlements distributed within the range of 0-1 000 m from the road accounted for 98.77%,indicating that the roads and settlements had mutual influence and interaction.Traffic significantly changed the spatial pattern of the rural settlements,and had evident distance attenuation effect.The number of the spatial distribution of rural settlements occupied the largest proportion when it was 20-40 km away from the town in 2012 and 2016.It meant that the radiation effect of central town on rural settlements was limited to a certain extent,and the spatial distribution of rural settlements was far away from central town.In agricultural region and pastoral region of Damao Banner,the number of rural settlements had different characteristics with their population.In 1996 and 2016,the number of Mongolian population in the pastoral region was significantly positively correlated with the number of rural settlements.The Mongolian nomadic culture promoted the distribution of residential areas with a highly dispersed feature of "Giant Stars".Also government policies had an important impact on the spatial distribution and pattern of rural settlements in Damao Banner.Therefore,the results of this study can provide a reference for rectifying residential areas,optimizing layout,and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning in these ethnic areas.
Grasping the change rule and the distribution of rural settlements in farming-pastoral zone has significant meaning to rectifying residential areas,optimizing layout,and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning.This paper took Damao Banner of Baotou city in Inner Mongolia,a typical farming-pastoral ecotone in the north of Yinshan Mountain,as the study region,and we used historical data materials such as land cover types,toponymy records,scoio-economic data came from the Statistical Yearbook of Damao Banner in 1996,2012 and 2016,based on Kernel density analysis and model of Gravity Migration to explore and reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution of rural settlements.Meanwhile,its influencing factors mainly include elevation,slope,aspect,distance to water,distance to road,distance to towns,national culture,population and government policies,etc.We analyzed the intrinsic relationship between the spatial distribution of the rural settlements and the factors by using GIS(geographic information system) spatial analysis software.The results showed that:1) the distribution characteristic of rural settlements in Damao Banner in 2012 was obvious,reaching a peak of 1.416/km2.From 1996 to 2016,the distribution center of Damao Banner' rural settlements moved to the southeast and gradually approached Bailingmiao Town.2) The influence of DEM and slope on the distribution of rural settlements was inverted U-shaped.It increased first and then decreased gradually.The peak value of DEM was 1 400-1 600 m,and the peak value of slope was 3.056°-5.446°.The choice of aspect was gradually inclined to the south aspect,southwest aspect and the proportion increased year by year,but some rural settlements were still distributed on the shady aspect,for example north aspect and northeast aspect,which was affected by geographical environment,national culture,and government policy.The spatial distribution of the rural settlements of Damao Banner did not show obvious near-water characteristic in terms of the distance to water area,but they mostly distributed in 7-10 km away from the water.3) The road distance showed obvious near-road orientation.In 2016,the number of rural settlements distributed within the range of 0-1 000 m from the road accounted for 98.77%,indicating that the roads and settlements had mutual influence and interaction.Traffic significantly changed the spatial pattern of the rural settlements,and had evident distance attenuation effect.The number of the spatial distribution of rural settlements occupied the largest proportion when it was 20-40 km away from the town in 2012 and 2016.It meant that the radiation effect of central town on rural settlements was limited to a certain extent,and the spatial distribution of rural settlements was far away from central town.In agricultural region and pastoral region of Damao Banner,the number of rural settlements had different characteristics with their population.In 1996 and 2016,the number of Mongolian population in the pastoral region was significantly positively correlated with the number of rural settlements.The Mongolian nomadic culture promoted the distribution of residential areas with a highly dispersed feature of "Giant Stars".Also government policies had an important impact on the spatial distribution and pattern of rural settlements in Damao Banner.Therefore,the results of this study can provide a reference for rectifying residential areas,optimizing layout,and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning in these ethnic areas.
引文
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