可移动式轻简化红枣除杂机的研制
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摘要
【目的】探讨目前南疆红枣采收作业的现状,为解决矮化密植型枣园红枣收获时遇到的捡拾作业效率低、成本高、除杂设备落后等问题提供依据。【方法】应用机械设计的理论与方法,基于南疆目前的红枣种植模式和清扫式收获作业方式,以新疆红枣收获除杂为研究对象,采用风吹和筛分相结合的方案,研制了一种可移动的轻简化田间红枣除杂机。该设备的动力由小型汽油机提供,通过V带驱动鼓风机将含杂物料中混着的枣叶、灰尘及其他轻杂质吹到轻杂质沉降室中;同时物料中混着的小石子、土块等重杂质在滚动通过复合筛面时被分离,从而完成含杂物料的除杂工作。【结果】通过田间试验验证了机具的基本性能,试验表明:样机除杂率为87.6%,损失率为2.3%,生产率为396 kg·h~(-1),较人工捡拾除杂效率提高了约5倍,除杂率、损失率和作业效率基本达到了设计的要求。【结论】可移动式轻简化红枣除杂机的研制,为捡枣作业人员提供了一种可以提高效率、降低劳动强度的辅助作业机具;田间试验验证了机具的基本性能,也为机具的进一步优化改进提供了参考,有一定的市场应用前景。
【Objective】Xinjiang is one of the main producing areas of jujube in China, which is more distinctive in southern Xinjiang because of its special climate. However, at present most of the jujube harvest in southern Xinjiang is mainly completed by artificial picking, with low efficiency, high cost and time consuming. Although some research institutions and enterprises have developed many machines and tools to try mechanized harvesting, the practical application effect is still unsatisfactory; and therefore, artificial harvesting will continue to exist for a long time. There are two main ways for the artificial jujube harvesting: one is cherry-picking operation and the other is picking up operation by sweeping. The cherry-picking operation can get clean red dates easily but the operation efficiency is low; and the picking up operation by sweeping can get high efficiency and good effect, but with a higher rate of impurity. And now the artificial collecting by sweeping method has been improved with relatively high efficiency and good effect, so that it has been applied increasingly. Unfortunately, the pickedup jujube by sweeping contains much impurity, such as leaves, small branches, broken soil, sand and other debris that need to be removed. Now the simple screen mesh is used with low efficiency and undesirable effect. There are no specialized impurity removal tools available currently so that it is urgent to develop a suitable and portable impurity removal equipment to improve the situation. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to solve the problem of removing the impurity in the process of picking up thjujube. Specifically, according to the operation characteristics of picking up jujube and the impurity situation, a special equipment for removing impurity from the jujube was developed. The machine can solve the problem, and obtain a higher pick-up efficiency, better effect and lower cost. For this purpose,this study will analyze the component composition of mixed jujube, the size of the date and the impurity situation. Also it includes the determination of the overall machine plan and the designing of key components. At the same time, the preliminary prototype processing and field experiment were carried out.【Methods】Based on the mechanical design theory and method, as well as the existing planting patterns and the status in relation to jujube harvest operation in southern Xinjiang, the present study was undertaken in Xinjiang as a research project. For picking up the dry jujube leaves, floating soil, dust and other light impurities, the wind blowing was used to remove light impurities. As for the heavy impurities such as the branches, clods and pebbles, the impurities were removed by using the screen sorting,which determined the overall scheme of the jujube separator machine. The machine was made up of rack, unloading mechanism, screening plant, power plant, centrifugal fan, collection basket, road wheel and some other parts. The specific working principle is as follows: when it starts working, the mixed dates fall and are spread to the smooth screen plate through the cone hopper under gravity, and continue to slide. When the mixed dates pass through the lower end of the composite screen, the blower driven by the gasoline engine directly blows the falling materials, and blows away the leaves, dust and other light impurities into the light impurity settling chamber. In the settling chamber, the light impurities slide down the side wall into the light impurity collection basket due to the sudden weakening of the wind and the effect of gravity. Simultaneously, when the dates with heavy impurities roll across the composite screen, the impurities like small stones and soil lumps fall into the heavy impurity collection basket, and finally the clean dates fall into the jujube collection basket, and the field impurity removal operation is finished. At the same time, according to the sample parameters of jujube with impurity, the hopper-screen and the impurity removal screen were designed. Based on the average mass and shape of the jujube, the centrifugal blower was designed and selected. The small gasoline engine was matched and selected according to the power of the centrifugal blower, and according to the general design plan and detailed design requirements, we finally contacted the related agricultural machinery department for manufacturingthe sample machine.【Results】According to the overall design scheme, the sample jujube separator machine was trial-produced. The basic performance of the machine was confirmed by field test which showed that the overall impurity removal effect was good with higher efficiency and therewere basically no dried leaves in the dates after the operation. Generally speaking, the performance of the machine has reached the expected design goal. The removal rate of the prototype was 87.6%, the loss rate was 2.3%, and the productivity was 306 kg·h~(-1). Compared with manual picking, the removal efficiency was about 5 times higher.【Conclusion】The development of the jujube separator machine provided an auxiliary operating equipment, which can improve the efficiency and reduce the labor intensity.The basic performance of the machine was confirmed through field test, providing a reference for further optimization and improvement of the machine. The research and development of this machine was mainly to solve the problem that there was no special auxiliary machine in the process of the picking up operation by sweeping. It is a transitional auxiliary machine, but has not fundamentally solved the problem of artificial picking up jujube. However, it can relatively increase artificial pickup efficiency, improve operation effect and reduce pickup cost, thus having certain market application prospect. At the same time, for the current difficulties encountered in the jujube harvest, the development of this machine also provides a way for the development of the jujube combine harvester.
【Objective】Xinjiang is one of the main producing areas of jujube in China, which is more distinctive in southern Xinjiang because of its special climate. However, at present most of the jujube harvest in southern Xinjiang is mainly completed by artificial picking, with low efficiency, high cost and time consuming. Although some research institutions and enterprises have developed many machines and tools to try mechanized harvesting, the practical application effect is still unsatisfactory; and therefore, artificial harvesting will continue to exist for a long time. There are two main ways for the artificial jujube harvesting: one is cherry-picking operation and the other is picking up operation by sweeping. The cherry-picking operation can get clean red dates easily but the operation efficiency is low; and the picking up operation by sweeping can get high efficiency and good effect, but with a higher rate of impurity. And now the artificial collecting by sweeping method has been improved with relatively high efficiency and good effect, so that it has been applied increasingly. Unfortunately, the pickedup jujube by sweeping contains much impurity, such as leaves, small branches, broken soil, sand and other debris that need to be removed. Now the simple screen mesh is used with low efficiency and undesirable effect. There are no specialized impurity removal tools available currently so that it is urgent to develop a suitable and portable impurity removal equipment to improve the situation. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to solve the problem of removing the impurity in the process of picking up thjujube. Specifically, according to the operation characteristics of picking up jujube and the impurity situation, a special equipment for removing impurity from the jujube was developed. The machine can solve the problem, and obtain a higher pick-up efficiency, better effect and lower cost. For this purpose,this study will analyze the component composition of mixed jujube, the size of the date and the impurity situation. Also it includes the determination of the overall machine plan and the designing of key components. At the same time, the preliminary prototype processing and field experiment were carried out.【Methods】Based on the mechanical design theory and method, as well as the existing planting patterns and the status in relation to jujube harvest operation in southern Xinjiang, the present study was undertaken in Xinjiang as a research project. For picking up the dry jujube leaves, floating soil, dust and other light impurities, the wind blowing was used to remove light impurities. As for the heavy impurities such as the branches, clods and pebbles, the impurities were removed by using the screen sorting,which determined the overall scheme of the jujube separator machine. The machine was made up of rack, unloading mechanism, screening plant, power plant, centrifugal fan, collection basket, road wheel and some other parts. The specific working principle is as follows: when it starts working, the mixed dates fall and are spread to the smooth screen plate through the cone hopper under gravity, and continue to slide. When the mixed dates pass through the lower end of the composite screen, the blower driven by the gasoline engine directly blows the falling materials, and blows away the leaves, dust and other light impurities into the light impurity settling chamber. In the settling chamber, the light impurities slide down the side wall into the light impurity collection basket due to the sudden weakening of the wind and the effect of gravity. Simultaneously, when the dates with heavy impurities roll across the composite screen, the impurities like small stones and soil lumps fall into the heavy impurity collection basket, and finally the clean dates fall into the jujube collection basket, and the field impurity removal operation is finished. At the same time, according to the sample parameters of jujube with impurity, the hopper-screen and the impurity removal screen were designed. Based on the average mass and shape of the jujube, the centrifugal blower was designed and selected. The small gasoline engine was matched and selected according to the power of the centrifugal blower, and according to the general design plan and detailed design requirements, we finally contacted the related agricultural machinery department for manufacturingthe sample machine.【Results】According to the overall design scheme, the sample jujube separator machine was trial-produced. The basic performance of the machine was confirmed by field test which showed that the overall impurity removal effect was good with higher efficiency and therewere basically no dried leaves in the dates after the operation. Generally speaking, the performance of the machine has reached the expected design goal. The removal rate of the prototype was 87.6%, the loss rate was 2.3%, and the productivity was 306 kg·h~(-1). Compared with manual picking, the removal efficiency was about 5 times higher.【Conclusion】The development of the jujube separator machine provided an auxiliary operating equipment, which can improve the efficiency and reduce the labor intensity.The basic performance of the machine was confirmed through field test, providing a reference for further optimization and improvement of the machine. The research and development of this machine was mainly to solve the problem that there was no special auxiliary machine in the process of the picking up operation by sweeping. It is a transitional auxiliary machine, but has not fundamentally solved the problem of artificial picking up jujube. However, it can relatively increase artificial pickup efficiency, improve operation effect and reduce pickup cost, thus having certain market application prospect. At the same time, for the current difficulties encountered in the jujube harvest, the development of this machine also provides a way for the development of the jujube combine harvester.
引文
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[7]胡灿,鲁兵,侯书林,弋晓康,王旭峰.新疆红枣收获机械的研究现状与发展对策[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(7):222-225.HU Can,LU Bing,HOU Shulin,YI Xiaokang,WANG Xufeng.Research status and development strategies of Xinjiang jujube harvesting machinery[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(7):222-225.
[8]付威,何荣,曲金丽,孙雨,王丽红,坎杂.自走式矮化密植红枣收获机的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(4):106-109.FU Wei,HE Rong,QU Jinli,SUN Yu,WANG Lihong,KAN Za.Design of self-propelled short-planting and dense planting of jujube harvester[J]. Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(4):106-109.
[9]鲁兵,王旭峰,张攀峰,胡灿.新型落地红枣收获机的设计[J].农机化研究,2017,39(12):68-72.LU Bing,WANG Xufeng,ZHANG Panfeng,HU Can. Design of a new harvest machine for Chinese dates[J]. Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(12):68-72.
[10]党凯锋,张鹏霞,杨震,曹希凡.一种气吸式红枣捡拾收获机的研制[J].农产品加工,2017(8):31-34.DANG Kaifeng,ZHANG Pengxia,YANG Zhen,CAO Xifan.Development of an air-suction-type harvester for picking and harvesting red dates[J]. Agricultural Product Processing,2017(8):31-34.
[11]李耀明,赵湛,陈进,徐立章.风筛式清选装置上物料的非线性运动规律[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):142-147.LI Yaoming,ZHAO Zhan,CHEN Jin,XU Lizhang. Nonlinear motion law of material on air-and-screen cleaning mechanism[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007,23(11):142-147.
[12]李骅.风筛式清选装置设计理论与方法研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.LI Hua. Research of modern design method for air-and-screen cleaning device[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.
[13]李洪昌,李耀明,唐忠.风筛式清选装置清选性能试验研究[J].中国农机化,2010(6):54-57.LI Hongchang,LI Yaoming,TANG Zhong. Test study on cleaning performance of air-and-screen cleaning mechanism[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2010(6):54-57.
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