2000—2015年三江平原主要作物需水量特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
全生育期内作物需水量的研究是农业水资源有效利用和进行合理灌溉的重要依据。基于三江平原22个气象站点2000—2015年逐日气象观测资料及中国区域地面气象要素数据集,利用国际粮农组织(FAO)Penman-Monteith模型和分段单值平均作物系数法,分别对三江平原水稻、玉米和大豆的作物需水量进行计算,分析作物需水量年际变化特征,采用通径分析法研究作物需水量的变化成因。结果表明:(1)三江平原16 a来年均参考作物蒸散量为537.4 mm,日均为3.5 mm,呈波动减少趋势。(2)生长季内,水稻在分蘖期需水量最大,为177.1 mm,玉米在七叶期需水量最大,为99.7 mm,大豆在结荚期需水量最大,为96.1 mm;水稻、玉米和大豆的净灌溉需水量分别为195.4 mm、130.8 mm和72.2 mm,对灌溉的依赖程度水稻>玉米>大豆。(3)由通径分析结果可知,三江平原作物需水量的主要影响因素为净辐射、气温和日照时数。
The study of crop water demand during the whole growing period is an important basis for rational irrigation and optimal allocation of water resources.The Sanjiang Plain is an important grain production base in Heilongjiang Province,China,which has a lot of water for agricultural irrigation.Therefore,it is urgent to carry out a quantitative and fine research on water demand of farmland crops so as to provide a scientific basis for improving irrigation efficiency.Based on the daily data from 22 meteorological stations and China's regional surface meteorological factor data sets during from 2000 to 2015,the Penman-Monteith model,provided by the international food and agriculture organization(FAO),and the segmented single-value average crop coefficient method were used to estimate the daily crop water demand and net irrigation water demand in the growing seasons(from May to September) of rice,corn and soybean crops in the Sanjiang Plain,and to analyze the change rules of the water demand of main crops in the Sanjiang Plain.The path analysis method was then used to study the change causes of the water demand of main crops.The results showed as follows:(1) The average annual reference crop evapotranspiration in the Sanjiang Plain in the 16 years period was 537.4 mm,and the average daily was 3.5 mm,showing a fluctuation reduction trend,and the fluctuation range was 447.3-602.8 mm.(2) The water demand of rice,corn and soybean during the whole growing period showed a single-peak trend of increasing first and decreasing later.The water demand of rice at tillering stage was the largest with the amount being 177.1 mm.The water demand of corn at seven-leaf stage was the largest with the amount being 99.7 mm.The water demand of soybean at pod bearing stage was the largest with the amount being 96.1 mm.(3) For rich and soybean,the effective rainfall mainly happened in the middle and late stages of their growth;while for maize,the effective rainfall was evenly distributed in the whole growth period.The net irrigation water requirements of rice,corn and soybean are respectively 195.4 mm,130.8 mm and 72.2 mm,and the degree of dependence on irrigation for the three crops formed a descending order as rice>corn>soybean.(4) Reference crop evapotranspiration is influenced by various meteorological elements,and its correlation with sunshine hours,air temperature and net radiation is better,and its mean correlation coefficients are 0.85,0.61 and 0.89 respectively;the reference crop evapotranspiration was negatively correlated with relative humidity and precipitation,and the average correlation coefficients were-0.73 and-0.53,respectively.(5)According to path analysis,the direct path coefficient results show that the main factors affecting crop water demand in the Sanjiang Plain are net radiation,air temperature and sunshine hours.It can be seen from the indirect path coefficient of the influence factors that the influence factors restrict and influence each other,so the change of water demand of rice,corn and soybean in the Sanjiang Plain is affected by the combinations of the influence factors.This study provides a long time series analysis of daily crop water demand characteristics in the Sanjiang Plain,aiming to provide a reference for rational irrigation of crops in the Sanjiang Plain in order to realize optimal allocation and efficient utilization of water resources.
The study of crop water demand during the whole growing period is an important basis for rational irrigation and optimal allocation of water resources.The Sanjiang Plain is an important grain production base in Heilongjiang Province,China,which has a lot of water for agricultural irrigation.Therefore,it is urgent to carry out a quantitative and fine research on water demand of farmland crops so as to provide a scientific basis for improving irrigation efficiency.Based on the daily data from 22 meteorological stations and China's regional surface meteorological factor data sets during from 2000 to 2015,the Penman-Monteith model,provided by the international food and agriculture organization(FAO),and the segmented single-value average crop coefficient method were used to estimate the daily crop water demand and net irrigation water demand in the growing seasons(from May to September) of rice,corn and soybean crops in the Sanjiang Plain,and to analyze the change rules of the water demand of main crops in the Sanjiang Plain.The path analysis method was then used to study the change causes of the water demand of main crops.The results showed as follows:(1) The average annual reference crop evapotranspiration in the Sanjiang Plain in the 16 years period was 537.4 mm,and the average daily was 3.5 mm,showing a fluctuation reduction trend,and the fluctuation range was 447.3-602.8 mm.(2) The water demand of rice,corn and soybean during the whole growing period showed a single-peak trend of increasing first and decreasing later.The water demand of rice at tillering stage was the largest with the amount being 177.1 mm.The water demand of corn at seven-leaf stage was the largest with the amount being 99.7 mm.The water demand of soybean at pod bearing stage was the largest with the amount being 96.1 mm.(3) For rich and soybean,the effective rainfall mainly happened in the middle and late stages of their growth;while for maize,the effective rainfall was evenly distributed in the whole growth period.The net irrigation water requirements of rice,corn and soybean are respectively 195.4 mm,130.8 mm and 72.2 mm,and the degree of dependence on irrigation for the three crops formed a descending order as rice>corn>soybean.(4) Reference crop evapotranspiration is influenced by various meteorological elements,and its correlation with sunshine hours,air temperature and net radiation is better,and its mean correlation coefficients are 0.85,0.61 and 0.89 respectively;the reference crop evapotranspiration was negatively correlated with relative humidity and precipitation,and the average correlation coefficients were-0.73 and-0.53,respectively.(5)According to path analysis,the direct path coefficient results show that the main factors affecting crop water demand in the Sanjiang Plain are net radiation,air temperature and sunshine hours.It can be seen from the indirect path coefficient of the influence factors that the influence factors restrict and influence each other,so the change of water demand of rice,corn and soybean in the Sanjiang Plain is affected by the combinations of the influence factors.This study provides a long time series analysis of daily crop water demand characteristics in the Sanjiang Plain,aiming to provide a reference for rational irrigation of crops in the Sanjiang Plain in order to realize optimal allocation and efficient utilization of water resources.
引文
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[4] 慕臣英,梁红,纪瑞鹏,等.沈阳春玉米不同生育阶段需水量及缺水量变化特征[J].干旱气象,2019,37(1):127-133,[MU Chenying,LIANG Hong,JI Ruipeng,et al.Variation characteristics of spring maize water requirement and water deficit in different growth stages in Shenyang[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2019,37(1):127-133]
[5] 邱美娟,郭春明,王冬妮,等.1960—2015年吉林省玉米生长季有效降水和水分亏缺指数的变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(1):237-243.[QIU Meijuan,GUO Chunming,WANG Dongni,et al.Variation of effective precipitation and water deficit index in maize growing season in Jilin Province during 1960—2015[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2018,36(1):237-243.]
[6] MEHTA R,PANDEY V.Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and crop water requirement (ETC) of wheat and maize in Gujarat[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,17(1):107-113.
[7] KUMAR S.Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and irrigation water requirement of different crops in Bihar[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,19(3):238-241.]
[8] 杜嘉,张柏,宋开山,等.基于MODIS产品和SEBAL模型的三江平原日蒸散量估算[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(1):104-110.[DU Jia,ZHANG Bai,SONG Kaishan,et al.Study on daily evapotranspiration estimation of Sanjiang Plain based on MODIS product and SEBAL Model[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(1):104-110.]
[9] 付强,王志良,梁川.多变量自回归模型在三江平原井灌水稻需水量预测中的应用[J].水利学报,2002,33(8):107-112.[FU Qiang,WANG Zhiliang,LIANG Chuan.Application of multi-variate auto-regression model to forecast water demand of well irrigated paddy[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,33(8):107-112.]
[10] 冯飞,姚云军,张彦彬,等.基于MOD16产品的三江平原蒸散量时空分布特征分析[J].生态环境学报.2015,24(11):1858-1864.[FENG Fei,YAO Yunjun,ZHANG Yanbin,et al.Spatio-temporal variations of evapotranspiration in Sanjiang Plain using MOD16 products[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(11):1858-1864.]
[11] 姚本智.气候变化下作物需水量研究[D].北京:清华大学,2009.[YAO Benzhi.Study on crop water requirement under climate change[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2009.]
[12] 贾志军,韩琳,王鸽,等.三江平原典型下垫面 FAO Penman-Monteith 模型适用性分析[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(5):1327-1334.[JIA Zhijun,HAN Lin,WANG Ge,et al.Adaptability analysis of FAO Penman-Monteith model over typical underlying surfaces in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(5):1327-1334.]
[13] ZHANG Y F,DENG J L,GUAN D X,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of potential evapotranspiration in Songnen Plain of Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(7):1702-1710.
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[15] SULEIMAN A A,HOOGENBOOM G.A comparison of ASCE and FAO-56 reference evapotranspiration for a 15 min time step in humid climate conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,375(3):326-333.
[16] SENTELHAS P C,GILLESPIE T J,SANTOS E A.Evaluation of FAO Penman-Monteith and alternative methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration with missing data in Southern Ontario,Canada[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):635-644.
[17] 杜加强,熊珊珊,刘成程,等.黄河上游地区几种参考作物蒸散量计算方法的适用性比较[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(5):831-840.[DU Jiaqiang,XIONG Shanshan,LIU Chengcheng,et al.Comparison of models for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration in the headwater catchment of the Yellow River basin,China [J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(5):831-840.]
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