模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏对垂穗披碱草凋落物损失率和化学计量特征的影响
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摘要
为深入了解自然降雨条件下牦牛和藏羊践踏强度对青藏高原高寒草甸凋落物分解的分异影响,在天祝高寒草甸进行模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏调控试验,采用凋落物网袋法研究了牦牛和藏羊践踏强度对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)凋落物损失率和化学计量特征(N、P、K和C含量)的影响。结果表明:存放1、2、3、13、14和15个月的凋落物损失率在各践踏处理下均呈增加趋势。同等牦牛和藏羊强度下,已存放1～15个月的垂穗披碱草凋落物损失率,凋落物N,P和K含量在牦牛践踏处理下均大于藏羊处理。垂穗披碱草凋落物损失率,N和P含量在藏羊轻度践踏处理下显著低于重度践踏,C和K含量在藏羊轻度践踏处理显著高于重度践踏(P<0.05)。且在2015年度已存放1,2和3个月与在2016年度已存放13,14和15个月的凋落物C和K含量均表现为释放模式,而凋落物N和P表现为富集模式。综合分析,牦牛和藏羊的践踏促进了凋落物的分解,牦牛践踏下垂穗披碱草凋落物的分解快于藏羊处理。
In order to understand the differentiation effect of the yak and Tibetan sheep trampling intensity on the litter decomposition of alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the simulation experiment(simulated yak and Tibetan sheep trampling) was carried out in the alpine meadow in Tianzhu by using the litter bag method to measure the litter loss rate and stoichiometry(N,P,K and C contents) of Elymus nutans.The results showed that the loss rate of litter processed for 1,2,3,13,14 and 15 months under all trampling treatments showed an increasing trend.Under the same trampling strength,the litter loss rate of Elymus nutans stored for 1～15 months caused by yak was higher than Tibetan sheep.And the contents of litter N,P and K showed a same trend.The of litter loss rate,contents of N and P under Tibetan sheep light trampling treatment were significantly lower than that of heavy trampling treatment.The contents of C and K in Tibetan sheep light trampling treatment were significantly higher than that of heavy trampling treatment(P<0.05).In addition,C and K of litter stored for 1,2 and 3 months in 2015 and 13,14 and 15 months in 2016 showed a release mode,while N and P of litter showed enrichment mode.It could be concluded that the livestock trampling promoted the litter decomposition,and the decomposition of the litter under the yak trampling was faster than that of Tibetan sheep.
In order to understand the differentiation effect of the yak and Tibetan sheep trampling intensity on the litter decomposition of alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the simulation experiment(simulated yak and Tibetan sheep trampling) was carried out in the alpine meadow in Tianzhu by using the litter bag method to measure the litter loss rate and stoichiometry(N,P,K and C contents) of Elymus nutans.The results showed that the loss rate of litter processed for 1,2,3,13,14 and 15 months under all trampling treatments showed an increasing trend.Under the same trampling strength,the litter loss rate of Elymus nutans stored for 1～15 months caused by yak was higher than Tibetan sheep.And the contents of litter N,P and K showed a same trend.The of litter loss rate,contents of N and P under Tibetan sheep light trampling treatment were significantly lower than that of heavy trampling treatment.The contents of C and K in Tibetan sheep light trampling treatment were significantly higher than that of heavy trampling treatment(P<0.05).In addition,C and K of litter stored for 1,2 and 3 months in 2015 and 13,14 and 15 months in 2016 showed a release mode,while N and P of litter showed enrichment mode.It could be concluded that the livestock trampling promoted the litter decomposition,and the decomposition of the litter under the yak trampling was faster than that of Tibetan sheep.
引文
[1] 阚雨晨,王堃,王宇通,等.典型草原封育过程中植物凋落物的变化动态[J].草原与草坪,2011,31(4):25-29.
[2] 李传龙.青藏高原东部高寒草甸垂穗披碱草凋落物分解对UV-B的响应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[3] 张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.论青藏高原范围与面积[J].地理研究,2002,21(1):1-8.
[4] 文晶,王一博,高泽永,等.北麓河流域多年冻土区退化草甸的土壤水文特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):929-937.
[5] 刘晓琴,吴启华,李红琴,等.不同封育年限高寒草甸植被/土壤碳密度及净生态系统CO2交换量的比较[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):848-856.
[6] 胡自治.青藏高原的草业发展与生态环境[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,2000.
[7] 焦婷,赵生国,祁娟,等.放牧强度对温性荒漠草原土壤全氮和有机质的影响[J].草原与草坪,2012,32(5):22-25.
[8] 林丽,曹广民,李以康,等.人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4012-4018.
[9] 高清竹,段敏杰,万运帆,等.藏北地区生态与环境敏感性评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4129-4136.
[10] 徐长林,鱼小军,景媛媛,等.牦牛粪和藏羊粪浸提液对高寒草甸六种植物种子萌发特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(11):2988-2994.
[11] Schleuss P M,Heitkamp F,Sun Y,et al.Nitrogen uptake in an alpine Kobresia pasture on the Tibetan plateau:localization by 15 N labeling and implications for a vulnerable ecosystem[J].Ecosystems,2015,18(6):946-957.
[12] 柴锦隆,徐长林,杨海磊,等.模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(2):30-42.
[13] 李文,曹文侠,李小龙,等.放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响[J].草原与草坪,2016,36(2):8-13.
[14] 张艳博,罗鹏,孙庚,等.放牧对青藏高原东部两种典型高寒草地类型凋落物分解的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4605-4617.
[15] 侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789.
[16] 侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495.
[17] Adler P B,Hall S A.The development of forage production and utilization gradients around livestock watering points[J].Landscape Ecology,2005,20(3):319-333.
[18] 徐长林.高寒牧区不同燕麦品种生长特性比较研究[J].草业学报,2012,21(2):280-285.
[19] 张建文.牦牛和藏羊放牧及模拟践踏对天祝高寒草甸凋落物化学计量特征的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[20] 魏晓凤.松嫩草地不同放牧强度下植物物种枯落物分解的变化规律研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013.
[21] Ayres E,Steltzer H,Wall B D H.Soil biota accelerate dcomposition in high-elevation forests by specializing in the breakdown of litter produced by the plant species above them[J].Journal of Ecology,2009,97(5):901-912.
[22] Gholz H L,Wedin D A,Smitherman S M,et al.Long-term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments:toward a global model of decomposition[J].Global Change Biology,2010,6(7):751-765.
[23] Cohen L,Hudson S R,Walden V P,et al.Meteorological conditions in a thinner Arctic sea ice regime from winter to summer during the Norwegian Young Sea Ice expedition(N-ICE2015)[J].Ecology,2009,90(2):441-451.
[24] 杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[25] 李云,周建斌,董燕捷,等.黄土高原不同植物凋落物的分解特性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(12):3309-3316.
[26] 郑翠玲,曹子龙,王贤,等.围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化植被生态恢复中的应用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,17(3):78-81.
[27] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[28] 潘复静,张伟,王克林,等.典型喀斯特峰丛洼地植被群落凋落物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(2):335-343.
[29] 段敏杰,高清竹,万运帆,等.放牧对藏北紫花针茅高寒草原植物群落特征的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3892-3900.
[30] 高永恒.不同放牧强度下高山草甸生态系统碳 N 分布格局和循环过程研究[D].成都:中国科学院研究生院(成都生物研究所),2007.
[31] 张鹏莉.放牧对青藏高原草地植被群落结构特征的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.
[32] 高永恒,陈槐,罗鹏,等.放牧强度对川西北高山草甸两个优势物种凋落物分解的影响[J].生态科学,2007,26(3):193-198.
[33] Chaichi M R,Saravi M M,Malekian A.Effects of livestock trampling on soil physical properties and vegetation cover(Case Study:Lar Rangeland,Iran)[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2005,7(6):904-908.
[34] Aravi M M,Chaichit M R,Attaeian B.Effects of soil compaction by animal trampling on growth characteristics of Agropyrum repens(case study:Lar Rangeland,Iran)[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2005,7(6):909-914.
[35] 杨志敏,哈斯塔米尔,刘新民.放牧对内蒙古典型草原大针茅凋落物中土壤动物组成及其分解功能的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2864-2874.
[36] Shariff A R,Grygiel B C E.Grazing intensity effects on litter decomposition and soil nitrogen mineralization[J].Journal of Range Management,1994,47(6):444-449.
[37] Ping L,Huang J H,Han X G,et al.Litter decomposition in semiarid grassland of Inner Mongolia,China[J].Rangeland Ecology & Management,2009,62(4):305-313.
[38] 张建文,杨海磊,徐长林,等.牦牛和藏羊夏季划区轮牧对高寒草甸3种植物凋落物分解的影响[J].草地学报,2017,25(4):732-742.
[39] Luo C Y,Xu G P,Chao Z G,et al.Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[40] Ritchie M E,Tilman D,Knops J M H.Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna[J].Ecology,1998,79(1):165-177.
[41] Garibaldi L A,Semmartin M,Chaneton E J.Grazing-induced changes in plant composition affect litter quality and nutrient cycling in flooding Pampa grasslands[J].Oecologia,2007,151(4):650-662.
[2] 李传龙.青藏高原东部高寒草甸垂穗披碱草凋落物分解对UV-B的响应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[3] 张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.论青藏高原范围与面积[J].地理研究,2002,21(1):1-8.
[4] 文晶,王一博,高泽永,等.北麓河流域多年冻土区退化草甸的土壤水文特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):929-937.
[5] 刘晓琴,吴启华,李红琴,等.不同封育年限高寒草甸植被/土壤碳密度及净生态系统CO2交换量的比较[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):848-856.
[6] 胡自治.青藏高原的草业发展与生态环境[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,2000.
[7] 焦婷,赵生国,祁娟,等.放牧强度对温性荒漠草原土壤全氮和有机质的影响[J].草原与草坪,2012,32(5):22-25.
[8] 林丽,曹广民,李以康,等.人类活动对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳过程的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4012-4018.
[9] 高清竹,段敏杰,万运帆,等.藏北地区生态与环境敏感性评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):4129-4136.
[10] 徐长林,鱼小军,景媛媛,等.牦牛粪和藏羊粪浸提液对高寒草甸六种植物种子萌发特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(11):2988-2994.
[11] Schleuss P M,Heitkamp F,Sun Y,et al.Nitrogen uptake in an alpine Kobresia pasture on the Tibetan plateau:localization by 15 N labeling and implications for a vulnerable ecosystem[J].Ecosystems,2015,18(6):946-957.
[12] 柴锦隆,徐长林,杨海磊,等.模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(2):30-42.
[13] 李文,曹文侠,李小龙,等.放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响[J].草原与草坪,2016,36(2):8-13.
[14] 张艳博,罗鹏,孙庚,等.放牧对青藏高原东部两种典型高寒草地类型凋落物分解的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4605-4617.
[15] 侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789.
[16] 侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495.
[17] Adler P B,Hall S A.The development of forage production and utilization gradients around livestock watering points[J].Landscape Ecology,2005,20(3):319-333.
[18] 徐长林.高寒牧区不同燕麦品种生长特性比较研究[J].草业学报,2012,21(2):280-285.
[19] 张建文.牦牛和藏羊放牧及模拟践踏对天祝高寒草甸凋落物化学计量特征的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[20] 魏晓凤.松嫩草地不同放牧强度下植物物种枯落物分解的变化规律研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013.
[21] Ayres E,Steltzer H,Wall B D H.Soil biota accelerate dcomposition in high-elevation forests by specializing in the breakdown of litter produced by the plant species above them[J].Journal of Ecology,2009,97(5):901-912.
[22] Gholz H L,Wedin D A,Smitherman S M,et al.Long-term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments:toward a global model of decomposition[J].Global Change Biology,2010,6(7):751-765.
[23] Cohen L,Hudson S R,Walden V P,et al.Meteorological conditions in a thinner Arctic sea ice regime from winter to summer during the Norwegian Young Sea Ice expedition(N-ICE2015)[J].Ecology,2009,90(2):441-451.
[24] 杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[25] 李云,周建斌,董燕捷,等.黄土高原不同植物凋落物的分解特性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(12):3309-3316.
[26] 郑翠玲,曹子龙,王贤,等.围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化植被生态恢复中的应用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,17(3):78-81.
[27] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[28] 潘复静,张伟,王克林,等.典型喀斯特峰丛洼地植被群落凋落物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(2):335-343.
[29] 段敏杰,高清竹,万运帆,等.放牧对藏北紫花针茅高寒草原植物群落特征的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3892-3900.
[30] 高永恒.不同放牧强度下高山草甸生态系统碳 N 分布格局和循环过程研究[D].成都:中国科学院研究生院(成都生物研究所),2007.
[31] 张鹏莉.放牧对青藏高原草地植被群落结构特征的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.
[32] 高永恒,陈槐,罗鹏,等.放牧强度对川西北高山草甸两个优势物种凋落物分解的影响[J].生态科学,2007,26(3):193-198.
[33] Chaichi M R,Saravi M M,Malekian A.Effects of livestock trampling on soil physical properties and vegetation cover(Case Study:Lar Rangeland,Iran)[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2005,7(6):904-908.
[34] Aravi M M,Chaichit M R,Attaeian B.Effects of soil compaction by animal trampling on growth characteristics of Agropyrum repens(case study:Lar Rangeland,Iran)[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2005,7(6):909-914.
[35] 杨志敏,哈斯塔米尔,刘新民.放牧对内蒙古典型草原大针茅凋落物中土壤动物组成及其分解功能的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2864-2874.
[36] Shariff A R,Grygiel B C E.Grazing intensity effects on litter decomposition and soil nitrogen mineralization[J].Journal of Range Management,1994,47(6):444-449.
[37] Ping L,Huang J H,Han X G,et al.Litter decomposition in semiarid grassland of Inner Mongolia,China[J].Rangeland Ecology & Management,2009,62(4):305-313.
[38] 张建文,杨海磊,徐长林,等.牦牛和藏羊夏季划区轮牧对高寒草甸3种植物凋落物分解的影响[J].草地学报,2017,25(4):732-742.
[39] Luo C Y,Xu G P,Chao Z G,et al.Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[40] Ritchie M E,Tilman D,Knops J M H.Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna[J].Ecology,1998,79(1):165-177.
[41] Garibaldi L A,Semmartin M,Chaneton E J.Grazing-induced changes in plant composition affect litter quality and nutrient cycling in flooding Pampa grasslands[J].Oecologia,2007,151(4):650-662.