人的尊严与人类增强
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摘要
本文阐述了人的尊严的来源及其各种含义,并在此基础上探讨了"人类增强"是否可能侵犯或威胁人的尊严。人类物种的尊严植根于人的本质,即人类物种所典型具有的一系列潜力,它是其他层面的人的尊严的基础。人类个体的尊严分为普遍尊严和获得性尊严。个体的普遍尊严直接来自于物种的尊严,是每个人因其作为人类物种一员的身份而平等拥有的一种至高的道德地位。因为人类增强不会分裂人的本质,所以不会造成人类物种之道德地位的区分,从而个体的普遍尊严不会因增强技术的应用而受到侵犯。获得性尊严是通过发展人的本质中所包含的典型人类潜力而获得的受尊重的性质。人类增强可能通过破坏主体间性,给个体发展各种人类的典型潜力设置障碍,从而对人的获得性尊严构成威胁。
引文
(1)Fritz Allhoff,et al.,“Ethics of Human Enhancement:25 Questions & Answers”,Studies in Ethics,Law,and Technology,1,2010,p.12.
(2)Marcus Düwell,“Human Dignity and Human Rights”,Humiliation,Degradation,Dehumanization:Human Dignity Violated,Paulus Kaufmann,et al.(eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2010,p.221.
(3)Nick Bostrom,“Dignity and Enhancement”,Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice,2,2009,p.180.
(4)库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,马怀琪译,华夏出版社,2000,第132页。
(5)Leon Kass,Beyond Therapy:Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness,Harper Perennial,2003,pp.145—150.
(6)Dieter Birnbacher,“Human Cloning and Human Dignity”,Reproductive BioMedicine Online,10,2005,pp.50—55.
(7)Nora Jacobson,“Dignity and Health:A Review”,Social Science & Medicine,2,2007,pp.292—302.
(8)Matthew C.Jordan,“Bioethics and ‘Human Dignity’”,Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,2,2010,pp.180—196.
(9)George Kateb,Human Dignity,Harvard University Press,2011,p.6.
(10)②⑤ 弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,黄立志译,广西师范大学出版社,2016,第150页;第172页;第130页。
(11)⑦ Yaming Li,and Jianhui Li,“Death with Dignity from the Confucian Perspective”,Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics,1,2017,pp.63—81,pp.63—81.
(12)⑥ 库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,第111页;第154页。
(13)Dieter Birnbacher,“Human Cloning and Human Dignity”,pp.50—55.
(14)Cf.Francisco J.Ayala,and Robert Arp(eds.),Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology,John Wiley & Sons,2009,p.322.
(15)Ernst Benda,“The Protection of Human Dignity (Article 1 of the Basic Law)”,SMUL Rev.,2,2000,p.443.
(16)参见库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,第156页。
(17)Cf.Nora Jacobson,“Dignity and Health:A Review”,pp.292—302.
(18)Cf.Nick Bostrom,“In Defense of Posthuman Dignity”,Bioethics,19 (3),2005,pp.202—214.
(19)弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第151页。
(20)Cf.Daniel P.Sulmasy,“Human Dignity and Human Worth”,Perspectives on Human Dignity:A Conversation,Jeff Malpas,and Norelle Lickiss (eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2007,pp.9—18.
(21)Cf.Roger Brownsword,and Deryck Beyleveld,Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw,Oxford University Press,2001,pp.23—24.
(22)Cf.David Badcott,“The Basis and Relevance of Emotional Dignity”,Medicine,Health Care and Philosophy,6,2003,pp.123—131;Andrew Brennan,and Lo.Yeuk-Sze,“Two Conceptions of Dignity:Honour and Self-determination”,Perspectives on Human Dignity:A Conversation,pp.43—58.
(23)The President' Council on Bioethics,“Human Dignity and Bioethics:Essays Commissioned,”https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/human_dignity/chapter18.html.
(24)Cf.Thomas Douglas,“Human Enhancement and Supra-personal Moral Status”,Philosophical Studies,3,2013,pp.473—497.
(25)Cf.Fran?oise Baylis and Jason Scott Robert,“The Inevitability of Genetic Enhancement Technologies”,Bioethics,1,2004,pp.1—26.
(26)参见弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第13页。
(27)④ Cf.Thomas Douglas,“Human Enhancement and Supra-personal Moral Status”,pp.473—497,pp.473—497.
(28)Cf.Allen Buchanan,“Moral Status and Human Enhancement”,Philosophy & Public Affairs,4,2009,pp.346—381.
(29)Alan Gewirth,“Human Dignity as the Basis of Rights”,The Constitution of Rights:Human Dignity and American Values,Michael J.Meyer and William Allan Parent (eds.),Cornell University Press,1992,pp.10—28.
(30)Daniel P.Sulmasy,“Dignity,Disability,Difference,and Rights”,Philosophical Reflections on Disability,D.Ralston,Christopher,and Ho Justin (eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2009,pp.183—198.
(31)Richard Rorty,An Ethics for Today:Finding Common Ground Between Philosophy and Religion,Columbia University Press,2010,p.13.
(32)Cf.Allen Buchanan,“Moral Status and Human Enhancement”,pp.346—381.
(33)Cf.Fritz Allhoff,et al.,“Ethics of Human Enhancement:25 Questions & Answers”,pp.25—26.
(34)Cf.Rico Vitz,“Sympathy and Benevolence in Hume's Moral Psychology”,Journal of the History of Philosophy,3,2004,p.263.
(35)J.Adam Carter and Emma C.Gordon,“On Cognitive and Moral Enhancement:A Reply to Savulescu and Persson”,Bioethics,3,2015,pp.153—161.
(36)Francisco Ayala and Robert Arp,Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology,John Wiley & Sons,2009,pp.333—334.
(37)Cf.Nick Bostrom,“Introduction—The Transhumanist FAQ:A General Introduction”,Philosophy,10,2003,pp.493—506.
(38)Cf.I.Illich,“Disabling Professions”,Disabling Professions,I.K.Illich,I.K.Zolal,J.McKnight,J.Caplan & H.Shaiken (eds.),Marion Boyars,1977,pp.28—31.
(39)Cf.Fran?oise Baylis and Jason Scott Robert,“The Inevitability of Genetic Enhancement Technologies”,pp.1—26.
(40)维特根斯坦:《哲学研究》,韩林合译,商务印书馆,2005,第341页。
(41)⑥ Cf.Fritz Allhoff,et al.,“Ethics of Human Enhancement:25 Questions & Answers”,p.25,p.26.
(42)参见弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第51页。
(2)Marcus Düwell,“Human Dignity and Human Rights”,Humiliation,Degradation,Dehumanization:Human Dignity Violated,Paulus Kaufmann,et al.(eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2010,p.221.
(3)Nick Bostrom,“Dignity and Enhancement”,Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice,2,2009,p.180.
(4)库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,马怀琪译,华夏出版社,2000,第132页。
(5)Leon Kass,Beyond Therapy:Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness,Harper Perennial,2003,pp.145—150.
(6)Dieter Birnbacher,“Human Cloning and Human Dignity”,Reproductive BioMedicine Online,10,2005,pp.50—55.
(7)Nora Jacobson,“Dignity and Health:A Review”,Social Science & Medicine,2,2007,pp.292—302.
(8)Matthew C.Jordan,“Bioethics and ‘Human Dignity’”,Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,2,2010,pp.180—196.
(9)George Kateb,Human Dignity,Harvard University Press,2011,p.6.
(10)②⑤ 弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,黄立志译,广西师范大学出版社,2016,第150页;第172页;第130页。
(11)⑦ Yaming Li,and Jianhui Li,“Death with Dignity from the Confucian Perspective”,Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics,1,2017,pp.63—81,pp.63—81.
(12)⑥ 库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,第111页;第154页。
(13)Dieter Birnbacher,“Human Cloning and Human Dignity”,pp.50—55.
(14)Cf.Francisco J.Ayala,and Robert Arp(eds.),Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology,John Wiley & Sons,2009,p.322.
(15)Ernst Benda,“The Protection of Human Dignity (Article 1 of the Basic Law)”,SMUL Rev.,2,2000,p.443.
(16)参见库尔特·拜尔茨:《基因伦理学》,第156页。
(17)Cf.Nora Jacobson,“Dignity and Health:A Review”,pp.292—302.
(18)Cf.Nick Bostrom,“In Defense of Posthuman Dignity”,Bioethics,19 (3),2005,pp.202—214.
(19)弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第151页。
(20)Cf.Daniel P.Sulmasy,“Human Dignity and Human Worth”,Perspectives on Human Dignity:A Conversation,Jeff Malpas,and Norelle Lickiss (eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2007,pp.9—18.
(21)Cf.Roger Brownsword,and Deryck Beyleveld,Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw,Oxford University Press,2001,pp.23—24.
(22)Cf.David Badcott,“The Basis and Relevance of Emotional Dignity”,Medicine,Health Care and Philosophy,6,2003,pp.123—131;Andrew Brennan,and Lo.Yeuk-Sze,“Two Conceptions of Dignity:Honour and Self-determination”,Perspectives on Human Dignity:A Conversation,pp.43—58.
(23)The President' Council on Bioethics,“Human Dignity and Bioethics:Essays Commissioned,”https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/human_dignity/chapter18.html.
(24)Cf.Thomas Douglas,“Human Enhancement and Supra-personal Moral Status”,Philosophical Studies,3,2013,pp.473—497.
(25)Cf.Fran?oise Baylis and Jason Scott Robert,“The Inevitability of Genetic Enhancement Technologies”,Bioethics,1,2004,pp.1—26.
(26)参见弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第13页。
(27)④ Cf.Thomas Douglas,“Human Enhancement and Supra-personal Moral Status”,pp.473—497,pp.473—497.
(28)Cf.Allen Buchanan,“Moral Status and Human Enhancement”,Philosophy & Public Affairs,4,2009,pp.346—381.
(29)Alan Gewirth,“Human Dignity as the Basis of Rights”,The Constitution of Rights:Human Dignity and American Values,Michael J.Meyer and William Allan Parent (eds.),Cornell University Press,1992,pp.10—28.
(30)Daniel P.Sulmasy,“Dignity,Disability,Difference,and Rights”,Philosophical Reflections on Disability,D.Ralston,Christopher,and Ho Justin (eds.),Springer Science & Business Media,2009,pp.183—198.
(31)Richard Rorty,An Ethics for Today:Finding Common Ground Between Philosophy and Religion,Columbia University Press,2010,p.13.
(32)Cf.Allen Buchanan,“Moral Status and Human Enhancement”,pp.346—381.
(33)Cf.Fritz Allhoff,et al.,“Ethics of Human Enhancement:25 Questions & Answers”,pp.25—26.
(34)Cf.Rico Vitz,“Sympathy and Benevolence in Hume's Moral Psychology”,Journal of the History of Philosophy,3,2004,p.263.
(35)J.Adam Carter and Emma C.Gordon,“On Cognitive and Moral Enhancement:A Reply to Savulescu and Persson”,Bioethics,3,2015,pp.153—161.
(36)Francisco Ayala and Robert Arp,Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology,John Wiley & Sons,2009,pp.333—334.
(37)Cf.Nick Bostrom,“Introduction—The Transhumanist FAQ:A General Introduction”,Philosophy,10,2003,pp.493—506.
(38)Cf.I.Illich,“Disabling Professions”,Disabling Professions,I.K.Illich,I.K.Zolal,J.McKnight,J.Caplan & H.Shaiken (eds.),Marion Boyars,1977,pp.28—31.
(39)Cf.Fran?oise Baylis and Jason Scott Robert,“The Inevitability of Genetic Enhancement Technologies”,pp.1—26.
(40)维特根斯坦:《哲学研究》,韩林合译,商务印书馆,2005,第341页。
(41)⑥ Cf.Fritz Allhoff,et al.,“Ethics of Human Enhancement:25 Questions & Answers”,p.25,p.26.
(42)参见弗朗西斯·福山:《我们的后人类未来》,第51页。