施用生物炭对冬小麦光合潜力和籽粒产量的影响
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摘要
为探究生物炭对冬小麦光合潜力和籽粒产量的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站设置了施用生物炭7 200 kg·hm~(-2)(BH)、3 600 kg·hm~(-2)(BM)、1 800 kg·hm~(-2)(BL)和不施生物炭(BO)4个处理,测定分析了冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化、光响应曲线及籽粒产量。结果表明,不同施炭水平下冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化均呈双峰曲线趋势,有明显的光合"午休"现象,而施用生物炭可以减弱光合"午休"。冬小麦叶片胞间CO_2浓度的日变化呈现先降后升的趋势,呈广口"V"型。随着光照强度的增加,在开花期,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率光响应曲线呈现逐渐上升趋势,而灌浆期的响应曲线在光照强度1 600～2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时呈现逐渐下降趋势,就不同处理而言,开花期和灌浆期各指标均表现为BH和BM处理大于BL和BO处理;模拟得到的灌浆期最大净光合速率以BM处理最大,分别比BH、BL和BO处理高2.50%、6.20%和8.88%。与BO处理相比,BH、BM和BL处理的籽粒产量分别增加了4.14%、5.97%和1.49%,其中BH和BM处理增产显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,施用生物炭可以减弱冬小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合"午休",增强光合性能和潜力,提高籽粒产量。在本试验条件下生物炭以年施用量3 600 kg·hm~(-2)效果最好。
A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of biocharaddition on photosynthetic potential and grain yield of winter wheat. Four treatments, including 7 200 kg·hm~(-2)(BH), 3 600 kg·hm~(-2)(BM),1 800 kg·hm~(-2)(BL) and 0(BO) kg·hm~(-2) biochar addition rates, were conducted at Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, Hebei Province. We measuredthe diurnal variation and light-response of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO_2 concentration, and transpiration rate of winter wheat flag leavesat anthesis and grain-filling stages. The results showed that the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of flag leaf in the anthesis and grain-filling stages of winter wheat showed a bimodal curve under different biochar addition rates with obvious photosynthetic "noon break", while the biochar addition could weaken the "noon break".The diurnal variation of intercellular CO_2 concentration of winter wheat leaf decreased at first and then increased, presentinga "V-shape" under all treatments.With the increase of light intensity, the light-response curves of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed a gradual upward trend at the anthesisstage, while the response curves of the grain-filling stage showed a gradually downward trend when the light intensity was 1 600-2 000 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1). In terms of different treatments, BH and BM were higher than BL and BO in the anthesis and grain-filling stages.The simulated maximum net photosynthetic rate of grain-filling stage was treated with BM, which was higher than BH, BL and BO by 2.50%, 6.20%, and 8.88%, respectively.Compared with BO, the grain yield of BH, BM and BL increased by 4.14%, 5.97%, and 1.49%, respectively(P<0.05). Therefore, biochar addition can weaken the photosynthesis "noon break"at the anthesis and grain-filling stages, enhance the photosynthetic performance andpotential, and improve the grain yield of winter wheat. It is more suitable to apply the amount of 3 600 kg·hm~(-2) per year under the condition the same with this experiment.
A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of biocharaddition on photosynthetic potential and grain yield of winter wheat. Four treatments, including 7 200 kg·hm~(-2)(BH), 3 600 kg·hm~(-2)(BM),1 800 kg·hm~(-2)(BL) and 0(BO) kg·hm~(-2) biochar addition rates, were conducted at Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, Hebei Province. We measuredthe diurnal variation and light-response of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO_2 concentration, and transpiration rate of winter wheat flag leavesat anthesis and grain-filling stages. The results showed that the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of flag leaf in the anthesis and grain-filling stages of winter wheat showed a bimodal curve under different biochar addition rates with obvious photosynthetic "noon break", while the biochar addition could weaken the "noon break".The diurnal variation of intercellular CO_2 concentration of winter wheat leaf decreased at first and then increased, presentinga "V-shape" under all treatments.With the increase of light intensity, the light-response curves of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed a gradual upward trend at the anthesisstage, while the response curves of the grain-filling stage showed a gradually downward trend when the light intensity was 1 600-2 000 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1). In terms of different treatments, BH and BM were higher than BL and BO in the anthesis and grain-filling stages.The simulated maximum net photosynthetic rate of grain-filling stage was treated with BM, which was higher than BH, BL and BO by 2.50%, 6.20%, and 8.88%, respectively.Compared with BO, the grain yield of BH, BM and BL increased by 4.14%, 5.97%, and 1.49%, respectively(P<0.05). Therefore, biochar addition can weaken the photosynthesis "noon break"at the anthesis and grain-filling stages, enhance the photosynthetic performance andpotential, and improve the grain yield of winter wheat. It is more suitable to apply the amount of 3 600 kg·hm~(-2) per year under the condition the same with this experiment.
引文
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[12]张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(8):1569.ZHANG N,LI J,LIU X H,et al.Effects of biochar on growth and yield of summer maize [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(8):1569.
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[17]GITHINJI L.Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam [J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2014,60(4):457.
[18]魏孝荣,郝明德,张春霞,等.土壤干旱条件下外源锌、锰对夏玉米光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2005,31(8):1101.WEI X R,HAO M D,ZHANG C X,et al.Effects of zinc and manganese fertilizers on maize photosynthetic performance under soil drought condition [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2005,31(8):1101.
[19]李友军,吴金芝,黄明,等.不同耕作方式对小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(12):44.LI Y J,WU J Z,HUANG M,et al.Effects of different tillage systems on photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and water use efficiency in winter wheat [J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(12):44.
[20]徐萌,张玉龙,黄毅,等.秸秆还田对半干旱区农田土壤养分含量及玉米光合作用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(4):153.XU M,ZHANG Y L,HUANG Y,et al.Effects of returning straw to field on soil nutrient content and corn photosynthesis in semiarid region [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2012,30(4):153.
[21]LAIRD D,FLEMING P,WANG B,et al.Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a midwestern agricultural soil [J].Geoderma,2010,158(3-4):436.
[22]李延,刘星辉,庄卫民.植物Mg素营养生理的研究进展[J].福建农业大学学报,2000,29(1):74.LI Y,LIU X H,ZHUANG W M.Advances in magnesium nutritional physiology in plants [J].Journal of Fujian Agricultural University,2000,29(1):74.
[23]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013(16):3324.CHEN W F,ZHANG W M,MENG J.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013(16):3324.
[24]赵海波,林琪,刘义国,等.氮磷肥配施对超高产冬小麦灌浆期光合日变化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2545.ZHAO,H B,LIN Q,LIU Y G,et al.Effects of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on diurnal variation of photosynthesis at grain-filling stage and grain yield of super high-yielding wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(10):2545.
[25]于强,任保华,王天铎,等.C3植物光合作用日变化的模拟[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):64.YU Q,REN B H,WANG T D,et al.A simulation of diuranal variations of photosynthesis of C3 plant leaves [J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1998,22(6):64.
[26]陆佩玲,罗毅,刘建栋,等.华北地区冬小麦光合作用的光响应曲线的特征参数[J].应用气象学报,2000,11(2):236.LU P L,LUO Y,LIU J D,et al.Characteristic parameters of light response curves of photosynthesis of winter wheat in north China [J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2000,11(2):236.
[2]LEHMANN J.A handful of carbon [J].Nature,2007,447(7141):143.
[3]KHORRAM M S,ZHANG Q,LIN D,et al.Biochar:A review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,44:269.
[4]徐敏,伍钧,张小洪,等.生物炭施用的固碳减排潜力及农田效应[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):393.XU M,WU J,ZHANG X H,et al.Impact of biochar application on carbon sequestration,soil fertility and crop productivity [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(2):393.
[5]VAN ZWIETEN L,KIMBER S,MORRIS S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility [J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1-2):235.
[6]JEFFERY S,VERHEIJEN F G A,VAN DER VELDE M,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2011,144(1):175.
[7]李帅霖,上官周平.生物炭对不同水氮条件下小麦产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(2):8.LI S L,SHANGGUAN Z P.Effects of biochar on wheat yield under different water and nitrogen conditions [J].Research in the Arid Areas,2018,36(2):8.
[8]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011(2):83.CHEN W F,ZHANG W M,MENG J,et al.Researches on biochar application technology [J].Engineering Sciences,2011(2):83.
[9]AUSTIN R B.Genetic variation in photosynthesis [J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1989,112(3):287.
[10]张向前,赵秀玲,王钰乔,等.耕作方式对冬小麦灌浆期光合性能日变化和籽粒产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(3):885.ZHANG X Q,ZHAO X L,WANG Y Q,et al.Effects of tillage practices on photosynthetic performance diurnal variation during filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(3):885.
[11]韩光明,刘东,孙世清,等.生物炭对不同连作年限棉田棉花光合特性的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2015,54(24):6202.HAN G M,LIU D,SUN S Q,et al.Effect of biochar on photosynthetic characteristics of cotton in different continuous cropping cotton field [J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2015,54(24):6202.
[12]张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(8):1569.ZHANG N,LI J,LIU X H,et al.Effects of biochar on growth and yield of summer maize [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(8):1569.
[13]牛立元,茹振钢,刘明久.小麦光合作用日变化及光合潜势评价方法研究[J].麦类作物学报,2002,22(2):51.NIU L Y,RU Z G,LIU M J.Studies on the diurnal variation of photosynthesis of flag leaf and evaluation method of photosynthetic potentiality in winter wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2002,22(2):51.
[14]周苏玫,张珂珂,张嫚,等.减氮适墒提高冬小麦旗叶光合潜力和籽粒产量[J].作物学报,2016,42(11):1677.ZHOU S M,ZHANG K K,ZHANG M,et al.Nitrogen-reducing and suitable soil moisture enhance photosynthetic potential of flag leaf and grain yield in winter wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(11):1677.
[15]张永平,张英华,王志敏.不同供水条件下冬小麦叶与非叶绿色器官光合日变化特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(5):1312.ZHANG Y P,ZHANG Y H,WANG Z M.Photosynthetic diurnal variation characteristics of leaf and non-leaf organs in winter wheat under different irrigation regimes [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(5):1312.
[16]OMONDI M O,XIA X,NAHAYO A,et al.Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data [J].Geoderma,2016,274:28.
[17]GITHINJI L.Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam [J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2014,60(4):457.
[18]魏孝荣,郝明德,张春霞,等.土壤干旱条件下外源锌、锰对夏玉米光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2005,31(8):1101.WEI X R,HAO M D,ZHANG C X,et al.Effects of zinc and manganese fertilizers on maize photosynthetic performance under soil drought condition [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2005,31(8):1101.
[19]李友军,吴金芝,黄明,等.不同耕作方式对小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(12):44.LI Y J,WU J Z,HUANG M,et al.Effects of different tillage systems on photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and water use efficiency in winter wheat [J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(12):44.
[20]徐萌,张玉龙,黄毅,等.秸秆还田对半干旱区农田土壤养分含量及玉米光合作用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(4):153.XU M,ZHANG Y L,HUANG Y,et al.Effects of returning straw to field on soil nutrient content and corn photosynthesis in semiarid region [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2012,30(4):153.
[21]LAIRD D,FLEMING P,WANG B,et al.Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a midwestern agricultural soil [J].Geoderma,2010,158(3-4):436.
[22]李延,刘星辉,庄卫民.植物Mg素营养生理的研究进展[J].福建农业大学学报,2000,29(1):74.LI Y,LIU X H,ZHUANG W M.Advances in magnesium nutritional physiology in plants [J].Journal of Fujian Agricultural University,2000,29(1):74.
[23]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013(16):3324.CHEN W F,ZHANG W M,MENG J.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013(16):3324.
[24]赵海波,林琪,刘义国,等.氮磷肥配施对超高产冬小麦灌浆期光合日变化及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2545.ZHAO,H B,LIN Q,LIU Y G,et al.Effects of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on diurnal variation of photosynthesis at grain-filling stage and grain yield of super high-yielding wheat [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(10):2545.
[25]于强,任保华,王天铎,等.C3植物光合作用日变化的模拟[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):64.YU Q,REN B H,WANG T D,et al.A simulation of diuranal variations of photosynthesis of C3 plant leaves [J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1998,22(6):64.
[26]陆佩玲,罗毅,刘建栋,等.华北地区冬小麦光合作用的光响应曲线的特征参数[J].应用气象学报,2000,11(2):236.LU P L,LUO Y,LIU J D,et al.Characteristic parameters of light response curves of photosynthesis of winter wheat in north China [J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2000,11(2):236.