摘要
过去十多年中、许多学者根据Haidt和Graham(2007)的道德基础理论、对道德判断和行为进行了多方面的研究、并且揭示了作为道德行为基础的社会情绪具有文化的差异性。但是如何解释这种社会情绪的跨文化的差异性呢?一些研究从信仰的角度做出了解释、认为宗教信仰会加深人们在忏悔时的情绪感受(Bierbrauer、1992)。Lebra(1971)发现信一神论的人会有更多的忏悔和更强的内疚感、而信非一神论的人(例如社会崇拜的人)有更强的羞耻感。本研究从精神信仰和宗教的角度分析人们在从事违反道德的行为时感受的自我道德情绪差异、特别是羞耻与内疚两种道德情绪的跨文化差异。研究在中国和印尼两个国家开展、对象为62名中国学生和60名印度尼西亚的学生。其中93.3%的印尼学生有宗教信仰、而中国学生中只有27%的信仰宗教。研究结果发现、和中国人相比、印尼人更容易产生内疚的情绪。在五类道德基础维度上、无论是中国人还是印尼人、"伤害/关怀"维度的得分是最高的、且不表现出文化差异(m1=4.43、m2=4.57、p=.100)。在另外四个方面、"公平/互惠"(m1=3.96、m2=3.70、p=.033)、"内群体/忠诚"(m1=4.19、m2=3.94、p=.030)、"权威/尊重"(m1=4.26、m2=3.92、p=.005)、"纯洁/神圣"(m1=3.47、m2=2.92、p=.000)、印尼人更容易感到内疚。在另一个方面、中国人更容易产生羞耻感、尤其在"伤害/关怀"(m2=3.83、m1=3.31、p=.000)和"内群体/忠诚"这两方面(m2=3.47、m1=3.17、p=.052)。进一步的分析证明、印尼人的宗教信仰程度和他们违反道德时的"内疚感"正相关、在中国的被试中却不存在这种相关性。但是中国被试会因为社会精神信仰而产生羞耻情绪。
In the past decade, a great amount of scientific work has investigated aspects of moral judgment and moral behavior in relation to the Moral Foundations proposed and developed by Haidt and Graham(2007). Research results show that there is cultural variability when it comes to levels of sacredness and self-conscious emotions triggered as a result of moral transcendence. But how should these results be interpreted? Previous research has approached this task by examining the role of religiosity in buffering reported levels of self-conscious emotions(Bierbrauer, 1992). Moreover, Lebra(1971) claims that individuals within monotheistic religions report more guilt feelings, while individuals with non-monotheistic(sociocultic) beliefs tend to report more shame feelings. The present study aims to explain culturally consistent differences in reported levels of self-conscious emotions associated with moral transcendence, by investigating the impact of religious and spiritual beliefs on strength of emotions. The study was carried in China and Indonesia, and analyzed the responses of 62 Chinese students and 60 Indonesian students. 93.3 % of the Indonesian subjects reported being religious or somewhat religious, while just 27% of the Chinese respondents claimed the same. The study found that when compared with Chinese subjects, Indonesian subjects report more guilt feelings. Among the five moral foundations, reported levels of guilt for "harm/care" concerns are highest in both samples, but don't display significantly different cross-cultural tendencies(m1 = 4.43, m2= 4.57, p=.100)1. However, Indonesians report significantly more guilt when it comes to the other four foundations: fairness/reciprocity(m1 = 3.96, m2= 3.70, p=.033), ingroup/loyalty(m1= 4.19, m2= 3.94, p=.030), authority/respect(m1= 4.26, m2= 3.92, p=.005), and purity/sanctity(m1= 3.47, m2=2.92, p=.000). On the other hand, feelings of shame tend to be higher in the Chinese sample especially for transcendence of harm/care(m2 = 3.83, m1=3.31, p=.000) and ingroup/loyalty(m2 = 3.47, m1= 3.17, p=.052). Subsequent analysis has revealed that strength of religious identity is significantly positively associated with levels of guilt reported by Indonesian subjects, but not Chinese subjects, whereas strength of spiritual belief has been found to impact self-conscious emotions in the Chinese sample.
引文