关于中学化学问题解决中表征和策略的初步研究
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摘要
问题解决既是一项创造性的实践活动,又是一个高级的学习过程。研究学生的问题解决过程,有利于帮助学生体验和理解科学探究的过程与方法,形成终身学习的能力,培养学生的批判性思维品质,形成“创新精神”和“实践能力”。
     本文以江苏地区的高中学生为研究对象,以中学化学问题的解决为研究载体,利用文献分析法、问卷调查法、个案分析法、出声思维法等研究方法,了解中学生化学问题解决的现状,研究中学生化学问题解决的过程和特点,分析学生问题解决过程中的问题表征和问题解决策略应用中的行为。研究结果表明:
     1.当代中学生在化学学习中,普遍存在着问题意识不强,问题表征水平不高,缺乏解决问题的策略性知识,问题解决中的自我监控能力不够等现象。我们迫切需要了解学生问题解决的特征、研究学生的问题解决过程,以培养和提高学生解决问题的能力。
     2.正确的问题表征是成功地问题解决的前提条件和重要保证。在解决化学问题时,中学生通常以一种自己熟悉的表征方式表征问题(也常使用符号表征、数学表征、图文表征、言语表征等多种表征方式表征同一个问题);学生在问题表征中存在着问题表征的层次和种类差异;问题的呈现方式和问题解决者的知识结构较大程度地影响着问题表征。
     3.怎样选择问题解决策略和选择怎样的策略解决问题,对于快捷、正确地解决中学化学问题有着重要影响。中学生解决化学问题时,主要采用了模式识别策略、分析递归策略、探试搜索策略、有限试误策略、直觉思维策略等策略,其中模式识别策略使用频率最高,只有当学生对使用模式识别策略解决问题感到困难或没有把握时,才会选用其它解决问题的策略;这说明学生已有的问题解决的模式、解决问题的策略性知识在学生解决新的化学问题的过程中发挥着重要作用。研究还发现,中学生在解决化学问题时,也使用策略组合。每一个化学问题的解决,存在着一个“最佳策略”或“最佳策略组合”,策略或策略组合选用适当,则问题解决的酝酿期较短,反之则长。
     4.学生的解决问题过程中,存在着“对问题解决的完全认识状态”(对问题及其持续下去的全部问题解决过程有一种清醒的认识,在思维上不存在任何障碍时的一种认识状态)。问题解决者解决同一个科学问题时到达“对问题解决的完全认识状态”的时间的长短可在一定程度上反应问题解决者解决问题能力的高低。
     5.对学生问题解决的研究是一项系统工程,学生解决问题的过程受诸多因素的影响,还有许多问题有待进一步研究。如策略实施过程中的心理能量分配问题,学生的知识结构对问题解决的影响问题,表征与策略实施之间的距离问题,元认知对问题解决的监控影响问题等。
Problem solving is not only a productive activity process, but also an advanced learning process. The study on students' problem solving is beneficial to help the students experience and understand the process and method of scientific research, form the permanent learning ability, cultivate their critical thinking features and form their innovation spirits and practice abilities.
    The objects of this article are high school students in Jiangsu province, and we've based on the high school chemical problem solving, using reference analysis, questionnaire investigation, sample analysis and think-aloud method etc to study the current situation of students' chemical problem solving, investigate the process and features of students' chemical problem solving and analyze the problem representation and the action in problem solving strategy application in the course of students' problem solving. Our results show:
    1 .In the process of learning chemistry, we find that there are many problems existing universally, such as that their consciousness of problem solving is not strong, the level of representation is low, they are lack of the strategies of problem solving and that their self-control is not sufficient. Therefore, we need urgently to understand the characters of their problem solving, to study the process of students' problem solving, and to foster and improve their ability of problem solving.
    2.Correct problem representation is the premise and guarantee of solving problem successfully. When high school students are solving chemical problems, they usually choose a familiar way to represent the problem, or sometimes may use several representation methods (symbol representation, mathematical representation, chart-word representation, words representation and so on) to represent the same problem. Problem representation has difference in levels and sorts. The appearance of the problem and the problem solver's knowledge structure largely affect the problem representation.
    
    
    
    3.How to select problem solving strategy and which to select greatly affect high school students' chemical problem solving's quickness and accuracy. When high school students are solving chemical problems, they mainly adopt pattern-distinguish strategy, analysis-recursion strategy, detective-search strategy, try-mistake - strategy and intuition-thought strategy etc. And among them, the most frequently used strategy is pattern-distinguish strategy. Only when students feel difficult or have no confidence in solving problem by using pattern-distinguish strategy, will they use other strategies. It shows that students' formed pattern of problem solving and the strategic knowledge of problem solving play an important role in the process of solving new chemical problems. It also shows that when they are solving chemical problems, they use several strategies synthetically. There exists a best strategy or "best combined strategy" in the course of every chemical problem solving. The more suitable the strategy or combined-strategy they choose , the shorter time they will spend solving problem while the longer on the contrary.
    4.In the process of students' problem solving, there exists a stage which is called "a stage fully know the problem solving "(a sober recognition of the problem and its complete solving of the continuous problem, a recognition without any obstacle in thought). The time taken to reach "a stage fully know the problem solving" in solving the same scientific problem, which to some degree can reflect the difference of the problem solvers' level.
    5.It's a systematic project to study students' problem solving, since the process of problem solving may be affected by many factors, and many problem still need to be further studied, such as the distribution of psychological energy in the course of strategy's carrying out, the effect of students' knowledge structure on problem solving, the distance between representation and strategy's carrying out and the influence of metacognition on problem solving etc.
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