全球航空碳减排的法制发展及其对我国的启示
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摘要
航空碳排放量虽然不太高,但增长较快且存在高空排放特性,因此航空业成为全球碳减排的重点领域。欧盟2008/101/EC号指令在航空碳减排方面先行一步,但因合法性存在缺陷,因而进展缓慢。国际民航组织的国际航空碳抵消和减排计划虽也面对众多障碍,但将于2021年付诸实施。我国应当把握时机,推动航空碳减排的国内法制发展,积极争取国际话语权。一方面,我国应当制定气候变化基本法,将碳税纳入环境保护税征收范围,推进碳排放交易法律化,以奠定航空碳减排法制的制度基础;另一方面,我国应当重点设计促进航空低碳技术和运营的发展、合理分配航空碳排放的配额以及形成基于碳排放交易的航空能源价格的法制框架。
Aviation carbon emissions are not too high, but the quantities grows fast and the emissions will conduct at high altitudes. Therefore, the aviation industry has become a key area of global carbon emission reduction. The EU Directive 2008/101/EC is one step ahead in aviation carbon emission reduction, but there are legal defects from the perspective of international conventions, thus the directive makes slow progress. ICAO's international aviation carbon offset and emission reduction plan also faces many obstacles, but it will be implemented in 2021. China should seize the opportunity to promote the development of domestic legal system for aviation carbon emission reduction and strive for the say in the world. On the one hand, China should make basic laws on climate change, incorporate carbon tax into the scope of environmental protection tax, and promote the legalization of carbon emissions trading, so as to lay the institutional foundation for aviation carbon emission reduction legal system; on the other hand, China should focus on designing and promoting the development of aviation low-carbon technologies and operations, reasonably allocating quotas for aviation carbon emissions and forming a legal framework for aviation energy prices based on carbon emissions trading.
Aviation carbon emissions are not too high, but the quantities grows fast and the emissions will conduct at high altitudes. Therefore, the aviation industry has become a key area of global carbon emission reduction. The EU Directive 2008/101/EC is one step ahead in aviation carbon emission reduction, but there are legal defects from the perspective of international conventions, thus the directive makes slow progress. ICAO's international aviation carbon offset and emission reduction plan also faces many obstacles, but it will be implemented in 2021. China should seize the opportunity to promote the development of domestic legal system for aviation carbon emission reduction and strive for the say in the world. On the one hand, China should make basic laws on climate change, incorporate carbon tax into the scope of environmental protection tax, and promote the legalization of carbon emissions trading, so as to lay the institutional foundation for aviation carbon emission reduction legal system; on the other hand, China should focus on designing and promoting the development of aviation low-carbon technologies and operations, reasonably allocating quotas for aviation carbon emissions and forming a legal framework for aviation energy prices based on carbon emissions trading.
引文
[1] World Resources Institute.Carbon Removal[EB/OL].(2019-01-01)[2019-01-20].http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/carbon-removal,2019-1-1.
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[4] 赵凤彩,张卫景,刘蒙蒙.全球航空货运碳排放配额分配问题研究[J].生态经济,2015,31(1):60-64.
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[7] 张华.论“欧盟航空减排指令”与国际法的冲突问题——欧洲法院司法审查的悖论[J].德国研究,2013,28(2):80-92.
[8] 张泽平.航空碳排放及其交易的国际法规制——从“欧盟航空碳排放案”说起[J].环球法律评论,2013,35(1):168-176.
[9] 顾阿伦.国家航空市场减排机制对中国碳市场的影响和意义[J].中国经贸导刊,2017(2):47-49.
[10] ICAO.CORSIA States for Chapter 3 State Pairs[EB/OL].[2019-07-07].https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/state-pairs.aspx.
[11] 赵凤彩,刘蒙蒙,张卫景.全球碳抵消机制下国际航空成本的公平问题[J].综合运输,2014(9):39-44.
[12] 杨绪彪,朱丽萍.碳中和增长目标下解决航空碳排放的路径选择[J].经济问题探索,2015(7):18-22.
[13] 董岩.国家应对气候变化立法研究——以立法目的多元论为视角[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:316.
[14] 毛涛.论碳排放权交易制度的完善与征收碳税的必要性[J].中国煤炭,2017,43(3):5-9.
[15] 王任,吕继兴.中国民航参与国家碳市场框架方案研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2015,11(1):68-75.
[16] 嵇欣.国外碳排放交易体系的政策设计对我国的启示[J].上海经济研究,2014(2):92-101.
[2] SARAH MANDER,ALICE BOWS,etc.Uncertainty and the Tyndall decarbonisation scenarios[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,17(1):25-36.
[3] 晋海,颜士鹏.欧盟航空碳排放权交易机制评析及中国的应对[J].江苏大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(5):18-23.
[4] 赵凤彩,张卫景,刘蒙蒙.全球航空货运碳排放配额分配问题研究[J].生态经济,2015,31(1):60-64.
[5] 唐钊,乔刚.航空碳税争议及我国的应对[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,38(2):16-20.
[6] 张安华.欧盟航空碳税的影响与对策[J].中国能源,2012,34(3):15-16.
[7] 张华.论“欧盟航空减排指令”与国际法的冲突问题——欧洲法院司法审查的悖论[J].德国研究,2013,28(2):80-92.
[8] 张泽平.航空碳排放及其交易的国际法规制——从“欧盟航空碳排放案”说起[J].环球法律评论,2013,35(1):168-176.
[9] 顾阿伦.国家航空市场减排机制对中国碳市场的影响和意义[J].中国经贸导刊,2017(2):47-49.
[10] ICAO.CORSIA States for Chapter 3 State Pairs[EB/OL].[2019-07-07].https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/state-pairs.aspx.
[11] 赵凤彩,刘蒙蒙,张卫景.全球碳抵消机制下国际航空成本的公平问题[J].综合运输,2014(9):39-44.
[12] 杨绪彪,朱丽萍.碳中和增长目标下解决航空碳排放的路径选择[J].经济问题探索,2015(7):18-22.
[13] 董岩.国家应对气候变化立法研究——以立法目的多元论为视角[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:316.
[14] 毛涛.论碳排放权交易制度的完善与征收碳税的必要性[J].中国煤炭,2017,43(3):5-9.
[15] 王任,吕继兴.中国民航参与国家碳市场框架方案研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2015,11(1):68-75.
[16] 嵇欣.国外碳排放交易体系的政策设计对我国的启示[J].上海经济研究,2014(2):92-101.